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Honors Biology 1110 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

membrane bound compartments where complex chemical reactions occur

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2
Q

3 Domains of Life

A

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

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3
Q

Archaea

A
  • ancient bacteria
  • prokaryotic cells
  • unique ribosomes
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4
Q

Bacteria

A
  • prokaryotic cells
  • unique ribosomes
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5
Q

Eukarya

A
  • eukaryotic cells
  • plants
  • animals
  • fungi
  • protists
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6
Q

Heterotrophs

A

derive energy from organic molecules

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7
Q

Autotrophs

A

derive energy from inorganic sources

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • sugars
  • energy stored in covalent - bonds
    3 structures
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9
Q

Monosaccharide

A
  • 5-6 ringed molecules
  • small
  • stores a lot of energy
  • polar
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10
Q

Disaccharide

A
  • 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded
  • results in H2O (condensation reaction)
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11
Q

Polysaccharide

A
  • many monosaccharides covalently bonded
  • plants store energy in form of starch
  • cellulose
  • chitin
  • glycogen
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12
Q

What is the cell wall of plants composed of?

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi composed of?

A

Chitin

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14
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

The liver

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15
Q

Lipids

A
  • fats and oils
  • stores long term energy
  • hormones
  • insulation
  • water proofins
  • 4 types
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16
Q

Triglycerides (fats and oils)

A
  • 3 long chain fatty acids + glycerol (condensation reaction)
  • fats clump up
  • too big to use as short term energy
  • unsaturated and saturated fats
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17
Q

Unsaturated fats (at room temp)

A
  • solid
  • fats
  • made by animals
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18
Q

Unsaturated fats (at room temp)

A
  • liquids
  • oils
  • made by plants
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19
Q

Which fats can we process?

A

Cysfats

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20
Q

What is the problem with transfats?

A
  • we cannot process transfats
  • leads to heart and liver disease
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21
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • 2 long chain fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate
  • hydrophillic head
  • 2 hydrophobic tails
  • amphipathic
  • makes up the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
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22
Q

Amphipathic

A

having both hydrophillic and hydrophobic parts

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23
Q

Steroids

A
  • lipids
  • large amphipathic molecules
  • mostly hydrophobic
  • contains rings
  • some steroids function as hormones
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24
Q

Waxes

A
  • lipid
  • very large amphipathic linear molecules
  • protective
  • reduces water loss
  • water-proof
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25
Q

Proteins

A
  • large polymers of amino acids
  • 20 different kinds
  • functions:
    a. communication
    b. catalysts/enzymes
    c. movement
    d. energy
  • 4 shapes
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26
Q

Primary Structure Protein

A
  • sequence of amino acids in linear chain
  • DNA determines sequence
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27
Q

Secondary Structure Protein

A
  • coiling, sheet like formation caused by hydrogen bonds between diff. amino acids
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28
Q

Tertiary Structure Protein

A
  • complex folding caused by ‘R’ group interactions
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29
Q

Quaternary Structure Protein

A
  • complex structure formed by more than 1 protein h-bonded together
30
Q

What is protein shape affected by?

A
  1. Temperature: increase in temp = breaking of bonds = primary structure protein = easier to digest
  2. Ph = breaks the protein down
  3. Binding to another molecule = changes the shape = motion occurs = reaction
31
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
32
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • lack a nucleus
  • asexual reproduction (cell division; near identical sister cells
  • lack membrane bound organelles
  • DNA is formed in a loop
33
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • membrane bound nucleus
  • asexual and sexual reproduction
  • membrane bound organelles
  • DNA formed in linear chromosomes
34
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • proteins
  • cholesterol
  • semi-permeable
  • fluid
35
Q

What kind of proteins are in the cell membrane?

A
  • trans-membrane protein (TMP)
  • surface proteins
36
Q

What is the cell membrane permeable to?

A
  • non-polar molecules, small molecules
  • oxygen
  • CO2
  • H2O
37
Q

What is cholesterol used for in the cell membrane?

A
  • stiffening agent
  • builds the structure of the cell membrane
38
Q

What are the ways of movement across the membrane?

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport
  4. Endocytosis / Exocytosis
39
Q

Simple diffusion

A

passive net movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

40
Q

Osmosis

A

passive movement of H2O from area of high [H2O] to low [H2O]

41
Q

Tonicity

A

total solute concentration of a solution

42
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

higher solute concentration than a reference solution

43
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

lower solute concentration that a reference solution

44
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • no energy required
  • down concentration gradient
  • channel proteins (TMP with a pore; aquaporin; particles go through as expected)
  • carrier proteins (particles go in, protein flips, particles are release, protein reverts back to original shape)
45
Q

Active Transport

A
  • up concentration gradient
  • energy required
  • low concentration to high concentration
46
Q

Endocytosis (Phagocytosis) and Exocytosis

A
  • engulfing/ingesting other cells or particles
  • exocytosis is the opposite (removing particles out of the cell through vesicles)
47
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move

48
Q

Rough ER

A
  • makes proteins that need to be packaged
49
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • contains detoxifying enzymes
  • liver cells have the biggest smooth ER
  • produces phospholipids and steroids
50
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
  • produces lysosomes and secretory vesicles
51
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • double membrane bound organelle
  • transforms energy into a universally usable form
  • was once a free living organism
52
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

some organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

53
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • protein structures involved in support and movement
  • 3 protein filaments
    a. actin filament
    b. intermediate filament
    c. microtubules
54
Q

Actin filament

A
  • chain of actin proteins
  • responsible for constriction (tightening of muscles)
55
Q

Intermediate filament

A
  • bundle of linear proteins (scaffolding)
  • holds things in place
56
Q

Microtubules

A
  • tubular arrangement of globular tubulin proteins
  • used to push and pull
    produced by MTOCs
57
Q

What is an MTOC called in an animal cell?

A
  • a centrosome
    a. contains 2 centrioles (short rod like structures composed of microtubules that produces microtubules) perpendicular to each other
58
Q

What is the arrangement of a microtubule?

A

9 triplets

59
Q

Locomotive Structures

A
  • flagella and cilia
  • composed of microtubules
  • produced by a basal body (looks like a centriole)
60
Q

Cell Wall (in plants)

A
  • cellulose (polysaccharide)
  • animals cannot digest
  • adjacent cells are connected by calcium pectate
  • 2 layers (primary and secondary)
61
Q

Primary Cell Wall in plants

A
  • in all plant cells
  • thin
  • flexible
62
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A
  • thick
  • less flexible
63
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • eukaryotic, photoautotrophs
  • cytoplasm in chlorplast is called stroma
  • photosynthesis
64
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • large, “empty”, membrane bound compartments
65
Q

Central Vacuole

A
  • found in plant cell
  • takes up most of the space
  • stores water, salts, and sugar
  • provides skeletal support; creates turger pressure that is used for movement
66
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A
  • single celled freshwater protists
  • constant influx of water
    a. pumps water from the cytoplasm into contractile vacuole (active diffusion)
    b. surrounded by actin, so able to contract (pushes the water out of the cell)
67
Q

Tight Junction (animal cells)

A
  • tight protein stitching between adjacent cells
  • creates an impassible barrier between cells
  • prevents anything from passing between the cells which forces particles to through the cell membrane
68
Q

Anchor Junctions / Desmosomes

A
  • holds cells together with proteins
  • heart muscles are held together by these
  • prevalent in all cells
69
Q

Gap Junction (animal cells)

A
  • channels created by TMPs that line up in adjacent cells
  • allows the passage of ions, second messengers, sugars, and other small molecules between the cells
70
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • channel through adjacent cell walls
  • passage of smaller molecules (sugars, amino acids, ions)
71
Q

endomembrane system

A
  • a system of organelles involved in the production and transportation of “stuff”

Honors Biology 1110 (3 decks)

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