Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are cells?
A
membrane bound compartments where complex chemical reactions occur
2
Q
3 Domains of Life
A
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
3
Q
Archaea
A
- ancient bacteria
- prokaryotic cells
- unique ribosomes
4
Q
Bacteria
A
- prokaryotic cells
- unique ribosomes
5
Q
Eukarya
A
- eukaryotic cells
- plants
- animals
- fungi
- protists
6
Q
Heterotrophs
A
derive energy from organic molecules
7
Q
Autotrophs
A
derive energy from inorganic sources
8
Q
Carbohydrates
A
- sugars
- energy stored in covalent - bonds
3 structures
9
Q
Monosaccharide
A
- 5-6 ringed molecules
- small
- stores a lot of energy
- polar
10
Q
Disaccharide
A
- 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded
- results in H2O (condensation reaction)
11
Q
Polysaccharide
A
- many monosaccharides covalently bonded
- plants store energy in form of starch
- cellulose
- chitin
- glycogen
12
Q
What is the cell wall of plants composed of?
A
Cellulose
13
Q
What is the cell wall of fungi composed of?
A
Chitin
14
Q
Where is glycogen found?
A
The liver
15
Q
Lipids
A
- fats and oils
- stores long term energy
- hormones
- insulation
- water proofins
- 4 types
16
Q
Triglycerides (fats and oils)
A
- 3 long chain fatty acids + glycerol (condensation reaction)
- fats clump up
- too big to use as short term energy
- unsaturated and saturated fats
17
Q
saturated fats (at room temp)
A
- solid
- fats
- made by animals
18
Q
Unsaturated fats (at room temp)
A
- liquids
- oils
- made by plants
19
Q
Which fats can we process?
A
Cysfats
20
Q
What is the problem with transfats?
A
- we cannot process transfats
- leads to heart and liver disease
21
Q
Phospholipids
A
- 2 long chain fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate
- hydrophillic head
- 2 hydrophobic tails
- amphipathic
- makes up the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
22
Q
Amphipathic
A
having both hydrophillic and hydrophobic parts
23
Q
Steroids
A
- lipids
- large amphipathic molecules
- mostly hydrophobic
- contains rings
- some steroids function as hormones
24
Q
Waxes
A
- lipid
- very large amphipathic linear molecules
- protective
- reduces water loss
- water-proof
25
Proteins
- large polymers of amino acids
- 20 different kinds
- functions:
a. communication
b. catalysts/enzymes
c. movement
d. energy
- 4 shapes
26
Primary Structure Protein
- sequence of amino acids in linear chain
- DNA determines sequence
27
Secondary Structure Protein
- coiling, sheet like formation caused by hydrogen bonds between diff. amino acids
28
Tertiary Structure Protein
- complex folding caused by 'R' group interactions
29
Quaternary Structure Protein
- complex structure formed by more than 1 protein h-bonded together
30
What is protein shape affected by?
1. Temperature: increase in temp = breaking of bonds = primary structure protein = easier to digest
2. Ph = breaks the protein down
3. Binding to another molecule = changes the shape = motion occurs = reaction
31
Nucleic Acids
- DNA
- RNA
32
Prokaryotic Cells
- lack a nucleus
- asexual reproduction (cell division; near identical sister cells
- lack membrane bound organelles
- DNA is formed in a loop
33
Eukaryotic Cells
- membrane bound nucleus
- asexual and sexual reproduction
- membrane bound organelles
- DNA formed in linear chromosomes
34
Cell Membrane
- phospholipid bilayer
- proteins
- cholesterol
- semi-permeable
- fluid
35
What kind of proteins are in the cell membrane?
- trans-membrane protein (TMP)
- surface proteins
36
What is the cell membrane permeable to?
- non-polar molecules, small molecules
- oxygen
- CO2
- H2O
37
What is cholesterol used for in the cell membrane?
- stiffening agent
- builds the structure of the cell membrane
38
What are the ways of movement across the membrane?
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Active transport
4. Endocytosis / Exocytosis
39
Simple diffusion
passive net movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
40
Osmosis
passive movement of H2O from area of high [H2O] to low [H2O]
41
Tonicity
total solute concentration of a solution
42
Hypertonic Solution
higher solute concentration than a reference solution
43
Hypotonic Solution
lower solute concentration that a reference solution
44
Facilitated Diffusion
- no energy required
- down concentration gradient
- channel proteins (TMP with a pore; aquaporin; particles go through as expected)
- carrier proteins (particles go in, protein flips, particles are release, protein reverts back to original shape)
45
Active Transport
- up concentration gradient
- energy required
- low concentration to high concentration
46
Endocytosis (Phagocytosis) and Exocytosis
- engulfing/ingesting other cells or particles
- exocytosis is the opposite (removing particles out of the cell through vesicles)
47
Endoplasmic Reticulum
network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move
48
Rough ER
- makes proteins that need to be packaged
49
Smooth ER
- contains detoxifying enzymes
- liver cells have the biggest smooth ER
- produces phospholipids and steroids
50
Golgi Apparatus
- modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
- produces lysosomes and secretory vesicles
51
Mitochondria
- double membrane bound organelle
- transforms energy into a universally usable form
- was once a free living organism
52
Endosymbiotic Theory
some organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes
53
Cytoskeleton
- protein structures involved in support and movement
- 3 protein filaments
a. actin filament
b. intermediate filament
c. microtubules
54
Actin filament
- chain of actin proteins
- responsible for constriction (tightening of muscles)
55
Intermediate filament
- bundle of linear proteins (scaffolding)
- holds things in place
56
Microtubules
- tubular arrangement of globular tubulin proteins
- used to push and pull
produced by MTOCs
57
What is an MTOC called in an animal cell?
- a centrosome
a. contains 2 centrioles (short rod like structures composed of microtubules that produces microtubules) perpendicular to each other
58
What is the arrangement of a microtubule?
9 triplets
59
Locomotive Structures
- flagella and cilia
- composed of microtubules
- produced by a basal body (looks like a centriole)
60
Cell Wall (in plants)
- cellulose (polysaccharide)
- animals cannot digest
- adjacent cells are connected by calcium pectate
- 2 layers (primary and secondary)
61
Primary Cell Wall in plants
- in all plant cells
- thin
- flexible
62
Secondary Cell Wall
- thick
- less flexible
63
Chloroplasts
- eukaryotic, photoautotrophs
- cytoplasm in chlorplast is called stroma
- photosynthesis
64
Vacuoles
- large, "empty", membrane bound compartments
65
Central Vacuole
- found in plant cell
- takes up most of the space
- stores water, salts, and sugar
- provides skeletal support; creates turger pressure that is used for movement
66
Contractile Vacuole
- single celled freshwater protists
- constant influx of water
a. pumps water from the cytoplasm into contractile vacuole (active diffusion)
b. surrounded by actin, so able to contract (pushes the water out of the cell)
67
Tight Junction (animal cells)
- tight protein stitching between adjacent cells
- creates an impassible barrier between cells
- prevents anything from passing between the cells which forces particles to through the cell membrane
68
Anchor Junctions / Desmosomes
- holds cells together with proteins
- heart muscles are held together by these
- prevalent in all cells
69
Gap Junction (animal cells)
- channels created by TMPs that line up in adjacent cells
- allows the passage of ions, second messengers, sugars, and other small molecules between the cells
70
Plasmodesmata
- channel through adjacent cell walls
- passage of smaller molecules (sugars, amino acids, ions)
71
endomembrane system
- a system of organelles involved in the production and transportation of "stuff"
