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Earth Science > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The four major parts of the earth system are ___, ___, ___, ___.

A

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere

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2
Q

The atmosphere contains ___. The hydrosphere contains ___. The biosphere contains ___. The geosphere contains ___.

A

Atmosphere = Air. Hydrosphere = Water. Biosphere = Living Organisms. Geosphere = Solid Earth.

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3
Q

How is the water cycle an example of how the Earth’s spheres are interconnected?

A

Water moves between the atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water bodies), lithosphere (earth), and biosphere (living organisms). Water from oceans, rivers, and lakes (hydrosphere) evaporates into the atmosphere (air). The water vapor condenses to form clouds and eventually falls as precipitation (rain, snow) back to the Earth’s surface. The precipitation replenishes ricers and lakes, or infiltrates into the soil (lithosphere), where it can be taken up by plants (biosphere). Plants (biosphere) release water vapor back into the atmosphere through transpiration.

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4
Q

A positive feedback mechanism (amplifies or counteracts) changes, whereas a negative feedback mechanism (amplifies or counteracts) change.

A

Positive = Amplifies. Negative = Counteracts.

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5
Q

Is the following an example of a positive or negative feedback mechanism? Melting ice reduces the Earth’s albedo (reflectivity), causing more solar energy to be absorbed by the ocean, which in turn leads to further ice melt.

A

Positive. The ice melting amplifies change because it causes exponential change to happen.

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6
Q

Is the following an example of positive or negative feedback? Increased CO2 levels can enhance plant growth (biosphere), which absorbs more CO2 and helps reduce atmospheric levels.

A

Negative. The plants help counteract the negative change that CO2 levels have on the environment.

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7
Q

Adaptive responses involve adjustments or adaptations in one sphere that help stabilize or mitigate the impact of changes. What is an example of this?

A

For example, plants (biosphere) may adapt to increased temperatures by altering their growth patterns or by developing drought-resistant traits.

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8
Q

___ is made of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. This rock is also the most abundant continental rock. SiO2. This rock can be an igneous, metamorphic, or a sedimentary rock.

A

Granite

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9
Q

___ is made of feldspar, pyroxene, and olivine. This rock is also the most abundant ocean floor rock and is found in Hawaii.

A

Basalt

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10
Q

___ is very resistant to weathering because it is mostly made of quartz. Its grains are rounded.

A

Sandstone

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11
Q

___ is made of clay and has very fine grains.

A

Shale

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12
Q

___ is made of calcite and typically has either coral debris or is crystallized. These rocks are oftentimes found in coral reefs and tropical oceans.

A

Limestone

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13
Q

___ is made of halite and has large coarse crystals. This typically forms in evaporating lakes or lagoons.

A

Rock Salt

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14
Q

___ is mostly made of quartz, muscovite, and illite (clay). This rock is originally shale and is used as a building stone.

A

Slate

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15
Q

___ is mostly made of muscovite, biotite, and hornblende. This rock was originally shale but more extreme than slate.

A

Schist

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16
Q

___ is mostly made of calcite. This rock was originally limestone.

A

Marble

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17
Q

___ is mostly made of quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and biotite. This rock was originally granite.

A

Gneiss

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18
Q

This minteral is made of feldspar silicate, can be an igneous and metamorphic rock. AlKS

A

Potassium Feldspar

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19
Q

This mineral is made of mica silicate and can be igneous or metamorphic. AlKFS

A

Muscovite

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20
Q

This mineral is made of mica silicate and can be igneous or metamorphic. AlKNaCaMgFeS

A

Biotite

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21
Q

This mineral is made of amphibole silicate and can be igneous or metamorphic. AlKNaCaMgFeS

A

Hornblende

22
Q

This mineral is made of amphibole silicate and can be igneous or metamorphic. AlKNaCaMgFeS

A

Hornblende

23
Q

This mineral is made of feldspar silicate and can be igneous or metamorphic. AlCaNaS

A

Plagioclase Feldspar

24
Q

This mineral is made of silicate and can be igneous or metamorphic. CaMgFeS

A

Pyroxene

25
Q

This mineral is made of silicate and can be igneous and metamorphic. MgFeS

A

Olivine

26
Q

This mineral is made of silicate and is sedimentary. AlFeOHS

A

Clay

27
Q

Mineral groups are primarily based on a mineral’s ___ composition.

A

chemical

28
Q

Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) are ___ metals

A

alkali

29
Q

Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are ___ earth metals

A

alkaline

30
Q

Iron (Fe) is a ___ (heavy) element

A

transitional

31
Q

Aluminum (Al) and Silicon (Si) are ___/semi-metals

A

basic

32
Q

Hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfure (S) are ___-metals

A

non

33
Q

Fluroine (F), chlorine (Cl), and bromine (Br) are ___

A

halides

34
Q

Helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), and Krypton (Kr) are ___ gases

A

noble

35
Q

___ minerals are the single most important mineral group that includes over 90% of minerals in the crust

A

Silicates

36
Q

What five characteristics do all minerals have?

A

1) Naturally occuring, 2) inorganic, 3) solid, 4) have a definite chemical composition, 5) a crystalline structure (or ordered internal structure)

37
Q

What are the two of the five components of minerals that are responsible for making each one unique from others?

A

1) Chemcial composition (the types of atoms present), 2) crystal structure (the arrangement of those atoms within the mineral

38
Q

___ is any exposed rock

A

Outcry

39
Q

After an igneous rock becomes an extrusive rock, what can happen next?

A

Weathering and erosion.

40
Q

Once an extrusive igneous rock goes through weathering and erosion, what does it turn in to?

A

Sediment

41
Q

What is physical weathering?

A

The process that breaks rocks apart without changing their chemical composition.

42
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

A process where rocks break down and change their composition due to chemical reactions with substances like water, oxygen, and dissolved minerals.

43
Q

Once an extrusive igneous rock goes through weathering/erosion and becomes sediment, what happens when it goes through burial, compaction, deposition, or cementation? It becomes a ___ rock.

A

Sedimentary

44
Q

During burial, the deeper a rock is buried, the more it’ll ___ because the deeper you go, the hotter it is.

A

Alter

45
Q

___ is the process by which flowing water picks up and moves particles of soil and rock, then drops them when the water slows down. The largest particles are dropped first, followed by smaller particles as the water slows even more.

A

Deposition

46
Q

Heat, pressure, and chemical reaction turn a sedimentary rock into a ___ rock.

A

metamorphic

47
Q

A ___ rock can become a different type of ___ rock.

A

metamorphic

48
Q

A ___ and ___ rock can be uplifted, become outcry, go through weathering and erosion, become sediment, go through burial, deposition, compaction, and cemention, and become a sedimentary rock again.

A

sedimentary and metamorphic

49
Q

A metamorphic rock can go through melting, become magma, and then become an intrusive ___ rock.

A

Igneous

50
Q

An intrusive igneous rock can become an extrusive igneous rock through ___.

A

uplifting

51
Q

Three silicate rocks.

A

Feldspar, quartz, peridot, olivine, garnet, mica, pyroxene

Earth Science (4 decks)

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