Test 1 Flashcards
What causes dehydration?
excessive fluid losses
Fluid shifts
What causes fluid volume excess?
Decreased fluid losses
Fluid shifts
A 1 kg weight loss or gain equates to what in dehydration assessments?
Around 1 liter of fluid
What is the ideal method for rehydrating a dehydrated patient?
PO fluids
What are the standard lab values for urine output?
0.5mL/kg/hr
What is the standard lab value for Hct?
36-49%
What is the standard lab value for urine specific gravity?
1.005-1.030
What sodium levels indicate hypoatremia?
Sodium <135
What sodium levels indicate hypernatremia?
Sodium >145
What is hypovolemic hyponatremia?
water volume decreases slightly or remains relatively stable but sodium depletes due to other modalities
What is hypervolemix hyponatremia?
Water volume increases while sodium intake is stable, leading to a decreased level of sodium
What types of things can cause a sodium excess?
Excessive sodium intake
hypertonic IV fluids
hypertonic enteral feedings without adequate water
What potassium levels indicate hypokalemia?
Potassium <3/5%
What potassium levels indicate hyperkalemia?
Potassium >5%
What vitamin does calcium require to be absorbed?
Vitamin D
What calcium levels indicate hypocalcemia?
Calcuium <9
What calcium levels indicate hypercalcemia?
Calcium >10.5
A patient that is exhibiting Trousseau’s sign when the BP is inflated could be suffering from?
Hypocalcemia
Calcium has an inverse relationship with?
phosphate
Blood transfusions can cause hypocalcemia. Why is this?
The citrate preservatives in blood products bind to calcium
What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia?
an overproduction of parathyroid hormone
Other causes include prolonged periods of immobilization, malignancy, or excessive intake of vitamin D or dietary calcium
What calcium levels would indicate hypercalcemia?
Calcium >10.5
______________ levels effect potassium and sodium absorption.
Magnesium
What magnesium levels indicate hypomagnesmia?
Magnesium <1.3 mRq/L
What magnesium levels indicate hypermagnesmia?
Magnesium >2.1
What are the causes of hypomagnesmia?
Decreased intake or absorption and increased excretion or drugs such as loop & Thiazide diuretics
What are the causes of hypermagnesmia?
Main causes are Kidney Failure and excessive intake, but can also be caused by adrenal insufficency and leukemia
What phosphate levels indicate hypophosphatemia?
Phosphate <1.7
What phosphate levels indicate hyperphosphatemia?
Phosphate >2.6
What are the causes of hypophosphatemia?
abnormal shift of phosphate into the cell, decreased absorption of phosphate from GI tract, increased excretion of phosphate by the kidnets
Which respiratory disorder is caused by a hyperresponse to a trigger that results in bronchioconstriction and mucousal edema?
Asthma
An asthma attack can be triggered by what for up to 6 months after contraction?
A respiratory infection can trigger an asthma attack for up to 6 months after infection
Why do we assess for NSAID use in pts with asthma?
The cox inhibition can increase leukotriene production which can precipate an asthma attack because it can increase bronchial edema
What is forced expiratory volume?
the volume of air than an individual can exhale during a forced breath in t seconds
What is Forced Vital Capacity?
the maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale from your lungs after fully inhaling
(a measure of volume in the first second of inhalation)
What is peak expiratory flow?
the volume of air forcefully expelled from the lungs in one quick exhalation
*A measure of the obstruction/speed at exhalation->taken at multiple times and establishes the patients “personal best”
What are the percentages for the “green zone” for peak expiratory flow?
80-100%
What are the percentages for the “yellow zone” for peak expiratory flow?
50-70%
What are the percentages for the “red zone” for peak expiratory flow?
<40% and is considered a medical emergency
Which type of inhaler will an asthma attack be treated with?
a SABA not a LABA
What are the nursing interventions for a patient experiencing an asthma attack?
Apply supplemental O2
Place in high Fowlers
Place on continous cardiac monitoring (for PVCs)
Place on SpO2 monitoring
Administer medication
What are the best practice guidelines for
