Test 1 Flashcards
___ (EEG): records electrical signals generated by the brain through electrodes placed at different points on the scalp
Electroencephalography
___ magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): reveals brain function by measuring neural activity by identifying highly oxygenated hemoglobin molecules (this activity recorded in voxels (3-Dpixels))
Functional
___: says that when you move anything on the right side of your body, it is controlled by the left side of your brain and vice versa
Contralaterality
The split-brain research that we learned about in class was done by ___ & Gazzaniga (1967)
Sperry
The split-brain research that we learned about in class was done by Sperry & ___ (1967)
Gazzaniga
Sperry & Gazzaniga (1967) did research with patients who have had their corpus callosum cut (a procedure called cerebral commissurotomy - split-brain research). These resulting effects provide evidence of ___ in the hemispheres of the brain.
Asymmetry
If you were asked to put blocks in order from smallest to largest, what side of the brain would be responsible for this??
Left
If you were asked to “use your imagination” but not report what you are imagining, what side of the brain would be responsible for this??
Right
___: the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli. Involves applying meaning to the information our senses provide. Not the same as sensation. Sensation happens first.
Perception
The existence of perceptual ___ suggests that what we see or hear (or receive from any of our sensory organs) is not necessarily what we get or experience
Illusions
___-Up Theories: a theory of perception that states that perception starts from the senses and emphasizes incoming raw data, and focuses on the energy registered in the sensory receptors (sometimes called data-driven or stimulus-driven theory)
Bottom
___-Down Theories: a theory of perception that states that perception starts from the brain and focuses on using our knowledge to inform our perceptions. States that we infer much of what we know about the world based on past experience and perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on these past experiences.
Top
System 1 Process which is performed in parallel (multiple avenues) (exs: tying your shoes, signing your name)
Automatic
System 2 Process, which is performed serially (one right after the other) (ex: calculus problem)
Controlled
___ Attention (ex: bolded words)
Selective
Research study on selective attention: ___ (1953) - “cocktail party phenomenon/effect.” Participants listened to one person speaking in each ear and had to repeat one of the voices immediately. The participants wouldn’t notice when the language would change.
Cherry
Research study on selective attention: ___ (1959) - Did the same thing the Cherry experiment did, but would have the 2nd voice say the person’s name. People noticed their names. This study discovered that subjects will generally hear one particular stimulus in the unattended ear, regardless of when it occurs: the sound of their own name.
Moray
Study on divided attention: ___ & Becklen (1975) - Found that people are really bad at double tasking as they were not able to correctly name how many times the ball was passed and how many times someone’s hand got slapped.
Neisser
Study on vigilance (a type of attention): ___ (1948) - Found that people’s vigilance gets worse and worse the longer a task is.
Mackworth
Type of Attention: ___ Search - we look for some distinctive features (ex: color, size, orientation, etc.). Distracters do little to slow this type of search. This is often referred to as the “popout effect.” (exs: finding an “O” in a sea of “L”s or looking for black car keys everywhere in your house and running around to find the keys)
Feature
Type of Attention: ___ Search - what happens when the target stimulus has no unique or distinctive features? We look for a particular combination of features. Distracters are much more effective in slowing down these types of searches (ex: looking more slowly and with more purpose for your black car keys)
Conjunction
Theories of Attention: ___/Filter Theories - we filter information right after it is registered at the sensory level. The “filter” only permits one channel of sensory information to proceed through to the level of perception, where meaning is assigned to this sensory information
Bottleneck
Theories of Attention: ___’s Theory (1958) - claims that we are already filtering things out before we perceive them. The “bottleneck” is the Selective Filter. This theory is not correct because we need to perceive stimuli before we filter them.
Broadbent
Theories of Attention: ___’s Theory (1980) - basically saying that you can control the “stream” of info into the system (in between Selective Filter and Perceptual Processes). Sometimes you ramp up this info; sometimes, you turn it down
Treisman
Theories of Attention: Deutsch & Deutsch’s Theory (1963) - late filter theory. Basically just moved the ___ Filter to after Perceptual Processes (as compared to Broadbent’s theory)
Selective
___ Resource Theories (Kahneman, 1973) - People have a fixed amount of attention, which they can choose to allocate to what the task requires. Believes that each task you are involved in requires a different level of attention. Believes that we can choose where our attention goes, but we only have so much attention to use
Attentional
