Test #1 Flashcards
What med decreases HR by depressing SA node & AV node activity
Adenosine
What med lowers HR by altering impulse through conduction pathways - prolongs refractory period
Amiodarone - most common r8 control - treats v-fib & v-tach
What med lowers HR & reduces ischemia in patients receiving fibrinolytic agents
Beta blockers
What med decreases HR by slowing conduction of av node & decreases HTN by dilating coronary arteries
Calcium channel blockers
What med reduces ventricular dysrhythmias following MI
Magnesium sulfate - treatment for torsades
What is the treatment of choice for torsades de pointes
Magnesium sulfate
Increases co - lowers bp - reduces sodium and h20 retention - treats high blood pressure and heart failure
Lisinopril ( Ace inhibitor)
Increases force & rate of contraction - increase CO & CA flow
Dobutamine - used for chemical stress echo
Removes excess fluid - decreases urine formation - decreases edema
Furosemide ( lasix)
Increases HR & sinus node automaticity - improves AV conduct
Atropine
Relieves chest pain & hypertension by relaxing & dilating smooth muscle in blood vessels
Nitroglycerin
Dissolves existing clots (aggressive) - used when PCI not available
Clot busters
Beta blocker (block clots) - decreases hr
Coreg - used to treat heart failure & hypertension
Anticoagulant (less aggressive) - prevents clots
Heparin - used in acute (STEMI OR NSTEMI)
Increases heart rate & force of contraction - increases coronary & cerebral flow- used during CPR
Epinephrine - for cardiac arrest, v-fib, VT, asystole
What is the treatment for V-Fib & VT
Amiodarone
Primary factors affecting CO?
Preload
Afterload
Contractility
HR
Elevated ST=
Active infarct
Cardiac function is based on the adequacy of ?
CO - circulating volume of blood to the heart varies according to the needs of tissue cells
Negative/ inverted or absent P waves indicate?
Electrical conduction that is initiated from the AV node
What is the phase of cardiac cycle between AV closure & semilunar value opening
Isovolumic contraction - increase LVEDP
What sinus rhythm occurs when SA node does not initiate an electrical impulse
Sinus arrest- skips a beat (aka sinus pause, sick sinus)
QT interval shows?
Depolarization and Repolarization of ventricles
Afterload is a function of both…
Arterial pressure & ventricular size
2 conditions that increase afterload?
Conditions that cause obstruction to ventricular outflow ex: AS
High peripheral vascular resistance ex: HTN
4 types of permanent pacemakers?
Atrial
Ventricular
Sequential
Biventricular
Filling of the heart during diastole
Preload
Order of conduction pathway
SA node
Interatrial & internodal pathways
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular muscle
What is the time between AV opening & semilunar values closure
- No volume change
Isovolumic relaxation
What sinus rhythm occurs when SA node initiates an electrical impulse that is blocked not conducted to atria
Sinus exit block
Dyssynchrony is present if the delay between IVS and posterior wall is….
More than 130 ms
In PW Doppler, a difference of more than ______ between right & left pre-ejection intervals confirms the presence of ventricular dysynchrony
40 ms
Causes of dysynchrony
Ventricular dysfunction
Scar tissue from heart attack
Electrical conduction delay
Diseased heart muscle
Ischemia
What is pacing?
Refers to the % of complexes generated by the artifical pacemaker
What are the 3 types of temporary pacemakers?
Transvenous
Transcutaneous
Epicardial
* all remain outside of the body
What is the pacemaker called that stimulates depolarization of both the atria and ventricles?
AV sequential/Dual Chamber
-this will show two pacer spikes on an EKG strip before QRS complex
Bi-ventricular pacers will show what on an EKG strip?
2 distinct pacer spikes, one before the p-wave and one before each QRS complex
What is the most common problem W/pacemakers?
Hematoma
How does dysynchrony look on an echo in m-mode?
Septal wall to posterior wall motion delay
Medications to decrease heart rate…
Adenosine
Amiodarone
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Magnesium sulfate
Lidocaine
Medication to treat myocardial infarction…
Clot busters (fibrinolytic agents)
Heparin
Nitroglycerin
Coreg
Aspirin
Plavix
Glycoprotein
Medications for poor cardiac output…
Atropine (increases HR)
Dobutamine
Epinephrine (increases HR)
Furosemide (lasix)
Lisinopril (ace inhibitor)
Calcium chloride
Digitalis
Dopamine
List of commonly used blood thinners
Coumadin (most dangerous)
Warfarin
Plavix
Negative/inverted & absent P-waves
Sign of electrical conduction that is initiated from the AV junction
Hidden P-wave suggests
A-fib or A-flutter
