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Stress Echo > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What med decreases HR by depressing SA node & AV node activity

A

Adenosine

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2
Q

What med lowers HR by altering impulse through conduction pathways - prolongs refractory period

A

Amiodarone - most common r8 control - treats v-fib & v-tach

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3
Q

What med lowers HR & reduces ischemia in patients receiving fibrinolytic agents

A

Beta blockers

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4
Q

What med decreases HR by slowing conduction of av node & decreases HTN by dilating coronary arteries

A

Calcium channel blockers

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5
Q

What med reduces ventricular dysrhythmias following MI

A

Magnesium sulfate - treatment for torsades

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6
Q

What is the treatment of choice for torsades de pointes

A

Magnesium sulfate

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7
Q

Increases co - lowers bp - reduces sodium and h20 retention - treats high blood pressure and heart failure

A

Lisinopril ( Ace inhibitor)

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8
Q

Increases force & rate of contraction - increase CO & CA flow

A

Dobutamine - used for chemical stress echo

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9
Q

Removes excess fluid - decreases urine formation - decreases edema

A

Furosemide ( lasix)

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10
Q

Increases HR & sinus node automaticity - improves AV conduct

A

Atropine

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11
Q

Relieves chest pain & hypertension by relaxing & dilating smooth muscle in blood vessels

A

Nitroglycerin

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12
Q

Dissolves existing clots (aggressive) - used when PCI not available

A

Clot busters

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13
Q

Beta blocker (block clots) - decreases hr

A

Coreg - used to treat heart failure & hypertension

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14
Q

Anticoagulant (less aggressive) - prevents clots

A

Heparin - used in acute (STEMI OR NSTEMI)

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15
Q

Increases heart rate & force of contraction - increases coronary & cerebral flow- used during CPR

A

Epinephrine - for cardiac arrest, v-fib, VT, asystole

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16
Q

What is the treatment for V-Fib & VT

A

Amiodarone

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17
Q

Primary factors affecting CO?

A

Preload
Afterload
Contractility
HR

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18
Q

Elevated ST=

A

Active infarct

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19
Q

Cardiac function is based on the adequacy of ?

A

CO - circulating volume of blood to the heart varies according to the needs of tissue cells

20
Q

Negative/ inverted or absent P waves indicate?

A

Electrical conduction that is initiated from the AV node

21
Q

What is the phase of cardiac cycle between AV closure & semilunar value opening

A

Isovolumic contraction - increase LVEDP

22
Q

What sinus rhythm occurs when SA node does not initiate an electrical impulse

A

Sinus arrest- skips a beat (aka sinus pause, sick sinus)

23
Q

QT interval shows?

A

Depolarization and Repolarization of ventricles

24
Q

Afterload is a function of both…

A

Arterial pressure & ventricular size

25
Q

2 conditions that increase afterload?

A

Conditions that cause obstruction to ventricular outflow ex: AS
High peripheral vascular resistance ex: HTN

26
Q

4 types of permanent pacemakers?

A

Atrial
Ventricular
Sequential
Biventricular

27
Q

Filling of the heart during diastole

A

Preload

28
Q

Order of conduction pathway

A

SA node
Interatrial & internodal pathways
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular muscle

29
Q

What is the time between AV opening & semilunar values closure
- No volume change

A

Isovolumic relaxation

30
Q

What sinus rhythm occurs when SA node initiates an electrical impulse that is blocked not conducted to atria

A

Sinus exit block

31
Q

Dyssynchrony is present if the delay between IVS and posterior wall is….

A

More than 130 ms

32
Q

In PW Doppler, a difference of more than ______ between right & left pre-ejection intervals confirms the presence of ventricular dysynchrony

A

40 ms

33
Q

Causes of dysynchrony

A

Ventricular dysfunction
Scar tissue from heart attack
Electrical conduction delay
Diseased heart muscle
Ischemia

34
Q

What is pacing?

A

Refers to the % of complexes generated by the artifical pacemaker

35
Q

What are the 3 types of temporary pacemakers?

A

Transvenous
Transcutaneous
Epicardial
* all remain outside of the body

36
Q

What is the pacemaker called that stimulates depolarization of both the atria and ventricles?

A

AV sequential/Dual Chamber

-this will show two pacer spikes on an EKG strip before QRS complex

37
Q

Bi-ventricular pacers will show what on an EKG strip?

A

2 distinct pacer spikes, one before the p-wave and one before each QRS complex

38
Q

What is the most common problem W/pacemakers?

A

Hematoma

39
Q

How does dysynchrony look on an echo in m-mode?

A

Septal wall to posterior wall motion delay

40
Q

Medications to decrease heart rate…

A

Adenosine
Amiodarone
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Magnesium sulfate

Lidocaine

41
Q

Medication to treat myocardial infarction…

A

Clot busters (fibrinolytic agents)
Heparin
Nitroglycerin
Coreg

Aspirin
Plavix
Glycoprotein

42
Q

Medications for poor cardiac output…

A

Atropine (increases HR)
Dobutamine
Epinephrine (increases HR)
Furosemide (lasix)
Lisinopril (ace inhibitor)

Calcium chloride
Digitalis
Dopamine

43
Q

List of commonly used blood thinners

A

Coumadin (most dangerous)
Warfarin
Plavix

44
Q

Negative/inverted & absent P-waves

A

Sign of electrical conduction that is initiated from the AV junction

45
Q

Hidden P-wave suggests

A

A-fib or A-flutter

Stress Echo (3 decks)

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