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Stress Echo > CAD > Flashcards

CAD Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main coronary arteries that arise from the SOV located at the proximal segment of the aorta just above the valve

A

Left main coronary
Right coronary

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2
Q

which of the two coronary arteries is the larger of the two and runs between the pulmonary trunk and left atrial appendage

A

Left main coronary artery

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3
Q

At the level of the sulcus the left main artery divides into what two branches?

A

Left anterior descending (LAD)
The Circumflex (CIRC)

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4
Q

What does the Lt anterior descending provide blood flow to

A
  • anterior IVS
  • anterior LV wall
  • cardiac apex
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5
Q

What is a blockage/occlusion in the LAD termed as

A

Widowmaker

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6
Q

What does the circumflex artery supply

A
  • Lt atrium
  • posterior and lateral free walls of the Lt ventricle
  • part of the anterior papillary msucle
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7
Q

What artery arises from the Rt SOV and runs along the Rt AV sulcus between the Rt atrial appendage and the pulmonary trunk

A

RIght Coronary Artery

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8
Q

What is the largest branch that the Rt coronary artery divides into

A

Posterior descending (PDA)

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9
Q

Rt coronary artery provides blood flow to:

A
  • RA/Rt ventricle
  • SA node
  • AV node
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10
Q

Posterior Descending Artery provides blood flow to:

A
  • Inferior walls of both ventricles and the inferior IVS
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11
Q

____ % of humans are right coronar artery dominate - meaning RCA supplies blood to ____

A
  • 67
  • Posterior descending artery (PDA)

if PDA is supplied by the circumflex it is Lt dominance

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12
Q

The myocardium is perfused from the….

A

epicardium to the endocardium

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13
Q

When is the myocardium mainly perfused

A

during diastole

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14
Q

Myocardial contraction during ____ compresses ____ branches and prevents perfusion.

A
  • Systole
  • Arterial

Therefore, coronary perfusion occurs during diastole rather than systole

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15
Q

What is the most common form of heart disease in adults

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

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16
Q

CAD clinical syndromes are the result of atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries and include:

A
  1. stable and unstable angina
  2. acute myocardial infarction
  3. ischemic cardiomyopathy w/congestive heart failure
  4. sudden cardic death
17
Q

A restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen is known as

A

ischemia

18
Q

A stenosis (ischemia) can also cause:

A

A ventricular arrhythmia, which may turn into ventricular fibrillation leading to death

19
Q

Can myocardial ischemia be reversed

A

yes, if the blood flow to the tissue is improved

20
Q

When the narrowing exceeds __-__% of the luminal cross-sectional area, blood flow then becomes inadequate to meet the myocardial oxygen demands

A

70-90

21
Q

When is it considered that the blood flow becomes inadequate to meet the myocardial oxygen demands?

A

when the narrowing exceeds 70-90% of the luminal cross-sectional area

22
Q

When ischemia develops slowly collateral vessels can develop in the heart. These serve as ____ that bridge severe ______ or connect a territory supplied by one epicardial coronary arter with that of another.

A
  • conduits
  • severe
23
Q

Collaterals provide:

A

-Alternative source of blood suply to myocardium jeopardized
- Can help to preserve myocardial function

24
Q

What are risk factors for coronary artery disease?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
    *men are generally at greater risk but risk for women increases after menopause
  • Family history
  • Smoking
  • High blood pressure
25
Q

Family history

Your risk is highest if your ____ or ____ was diagnosed w/heart disease before age 55, or your mother or sister developed it before age ____

A
  • father or brother
  • 65
26
Q

Smoking

Nicotine constricts your blood vessels, and carbon monoxide can damage the inner lining, making it more susceptible to …

A

atherosclerosis

27
Q

What can uncontrolled high blood pressure result in

A

hardening and thickening of your arteries

28
Q

Over time, a higher workload leads to…

A

an enlarged heart/LVH

29
Q

Cholesterol

A
30
Q

What are the symptoms of CAD

A
  • Chest pain/Stable and Unstable angina
  • ECG changes
  • Shortness of breath
31
Q

What is stable angina?

A
  • Chest discomfort from increase activity
  • Predictable chest discomfort associated w/ physical exertion or mental or emotional stress
32
Q

What relieves stable angina

A

rest and/or nitroglycerin

33
Q

Unexpected chest pain that usually occurs at rest is known as

A

unstable angina
-Typically more sever and prolonged

Unstable angina is an acute coronary syndrome and should be treated as an emergency

34
Q

Ways to prevent CAD

A
  1. decreasing cholesterol levels
  2. addressing obesity and HTN
  3. avoiding a sedentary lifestyle
  4. healthy dietary choices - no smoking
  5. lower blood pressure
  6. limit alcohol
  7. keep blood sugar under control
  8. reduce stress
35
Q

What is a cluster of cardia risk factors that result from insulin resistance?

A

Syndrome X - Metabolic syndrome

36
Q

Syndrome X - Metabolic Syndrome is diagnosed if three of the following are diagnosed…

A
  • Elevated waist circumference
  • Elevated serum triglycerides
  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Elevated fasting glucose
  • Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
37
Q

True or false, women are more likely than men to suffer from Syndrome X

A

True

38
Q

What are the medical treatments fro CAD

A
  1. Aspirin - can reduce teh incidence of cardiovascular events
  2. Anti-platelet therapy (plavix)
  3. Nitroglycerin
  4. Cholesterol lowering medications
  5. Blood pressure medications
39
Q

What are some more serious treatments for CAD

A
  • Angioplasty
  • Coronary stent-implantation
  • Coronary artery bipass grafting (CABG)

Stress Echo (3 decks)

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