test 1 Flashcards
how is deep sleep assessed?
how difficult it is to wake someone, the degree of EEG or behavioural responses to external stimuli, degree of drowsiness that follows waking,
Which features of REM sleep are categorized as tonic?
postural muscle paralysis, low-voltage cortical EEG, loss of temperature control
Which features of REM sleep are categorized as phasic?
rapid eye movements, peripheral muscle twitches
The major contributors to mammalian EEG recordings are postsynaptic potential occurring in large ______________ neurons with somata located in layer ____ of the 6-layered cortex.
pyramidal, 5
Looking at your phone at night results in the ________________ (suppression / production) of melatonin. This results in a phase _______________ (advance / delay) of your circadian rhythm.
suppression, delay (confirm?)
what was thought of sleep historically?
that is was a state of quiet that resulted from the withdrawal of arousing input to the cortex
what did early scientists studying sleep believe?
that sleep resulted from a global reduction in neural activity or blood flow
when were our ideas of sleep revolutionized?
throughout the 19th and 20th centuries due to research
what did Ishimori, Legendre, and Pieron do?
deprived dogs of sleep, took brian extracts or CSF from these dogs and injected them into control dogs
what did Ishimori, Legendre, and Pieron find?
recipient dogs became sleepy when injected with fluids from sleep deprived dogs
recipient dogs did not become sleepy when injected with fluids from dogs that were not sleep deprived
Ishimori, Legendre, and Pieron overall findings?
there must be a chemical agent in the brain that promotes sleep, builds up during the day
what are EEGs?
electoencephalogram
what do EEGs show?
electrical activity in the brain changed throughout the cycle of waking and sleeo
what is sleep characterized by EEG?
high-amplitude, slow waves and burst of faster activity (sleep spindles)
what do EEGs show during waking?
low-amplitude, faster waves
what did Alfred Loomis do?
in 1930s made EEG recordings of people while awake and asleep
what did Loomis note from EEG study?
people transitioned through different stages of sleep, A-E, characterized by different EEG patterns
what did Loomis note about two specific sleep stages?
hard to wake people from stages D and E (deep sleep)
why is influenza relevant?
influenza viral pandemic (1918)
killed approximatley 40 million
many people who survived developed encephalitis lethargica
what did constantin von economo do?
studied the brain after death
where was insomnia localized?
posterior part of hypothalamus
where was somnolence localized?
anterior part of hypothelamus
what is there new evidence of?
that specific regions of the brain may trigger or suppress sleeo
what did frederic bremer do?
experimentally transected brainstems of cats