test 1 Flashcards
sagittal plane, midsagittal, parasagittal
divide the body vertically into right and left sides, down the middle, unequal sides
transverse plane
divides the body horizontally into upper and lower
frontal plane (coronal)
divides into anterior and posterior plane
Ipsilateral
situated on or affecting the same side of the body
contralateral
situated on or affecting the opposite side of the body
forehead
frons
skull
cranium
eye
oculus
face
facies
cheek
bucca
nose
nasus
mouth
oris
neck
cervicis
chin
mentis
armpit
axilla axillary
chest
thorax or thorcis
arm
brachium
breast
mamma
front of elbow
antecubital
abdominal
abdomen
forearm
antebrachium
hip
hip coxal
navel
umbilicus
navel
umbilicus
wrist
carpus
thumb
pollex
groin
inguen
palm
palma palmar
fingers
digits (phalanges)
kneecap
patella
thigh
femur
leg
crus
ankle
tarsus
toes
digits (phalanges)
great toe
hallux
pes
foot
shoulder
acromial
head
cephalon
neck
cervicis (cervical)
back
dorsum dorsal
arm
brachium brachial
back of elbow
olecranon olecranal
loin
lumbus lumbar
buttock
gluteus gluteal
back of knee
popliteus popliteal
hand
manus manual
calf
sura sural
heel or foot
calcaneus calacaneal
sole of foot
planta plantar
what is a tissue?
groups of closely associated cells that are similar in structure and perform common function
what are the 4 types of tissue in the body
connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous
subdivisions of connective tissue?
blood, bone (compact, spongy), cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), connective tissue proper (loose - areolar, adipose, reticular) (dense - dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)
connective tissue made up of?
loosely packed cells eg. fibroblasts, fibers (proteins) - collagen (strength), elastic (elasticity), reticular (form scaffolding for other cells), ground substance - gel-like - water with dissolved proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans
the extracellular matrix is made of
fibers and ground substance
dense connective tissue types
dense regular (tendons, ligaments)
is cartilage avascular?
yes
pelvis
pelvic
below the lumbar
sacrum sacral
what are joints?
they are connections between bone and bone, bone and cartilage, bone and teeth
what are articulations and arthroses (singular = arthrosis)
it is another terms for joints
how are joints classified by
function (how much movement do they allow)
or structure (their component parts; what makes up the joint)
what are the different function joint movements?
synarthrosis/es (almost) no movement like sutures in skull
amphiarthrosis/es: some movement
diarthrosis/es free moving like hips and knees
what are the different joint structures classifications
fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial
what is fibrous joint
dense connective tissue “bridges gap”
how many types of fibrous joint
3 suture, syndesmosis/es, gomphosis/es
what is a cartilaginous joint
cartilage “bridges gap”
how many types of cartilaginous joints
2 synchondrosis/es, symphysis/es
what is a synovial joint
synovial fluid in capsule “bridges gap”
how many types of synovial joints
6 planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid (ellipsoid), saddle, ball and socket
do synovial joints have substance?
no
are all synovial joints diarthrotic
yes
are sutures found exclusively in the skull?
yes
is syndesmosis tightly held together?
no, you can visualize the dense connective tissue if possible
what does gomphosis fibrous joint do
tooth into the socket specifically
are the sutures in a newborn/infants closed together?
no, because the brain needs to grow
what are in these gaps of the sutures of babies
fontanelles
what type of cartilage is synchondrosis joints
hyaline cartilage
what is in symphysis joints
fibrocartilage
is symphyses joints stronger than synchondroses joints?
yes because of fibrocartilage
all costochondral joints are ….
synchondroses joints
what happens if fracture on epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?
one limb might be longer than the other
what is synostosis
the growth plate closes at a certain age
the epiphyseal plate is …..
temporary
are some synchondrosis joints permanent?
yes
the pubic portions of the right and left hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by …. and this joint is called what
fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis
the pubic portions of the right and left hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by ….
fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis
what unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae within the vertical column and what kind of joint is it?
intervertebral disc and is a symphysis type of joint
what holds synovia fluid?
it is in a joint capsule which has dense connective tissue proper on the outside
articular cartilage is also known as ….
hyaline cartilage
what is the swelling of bursas called?
bursitis
pivot joint allows for … and what structure
roration around an axis and one bone rounded, other “ring” of bone plus ligament
hinge joint at the elbow acts like a and what is their structure
door hinge and one bone end concave and one bone end convex
a saddle joint is the
articulation between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb
plane joints allow for and what is their structure
gliding movements between bones and flat or slightly curved
hip and shoulder joints are the …. and are they the only ones in the body?
ball-and-socket joints and yes
which joints are monaxial or uniaxial
hinge, pivot
which joints are biaxial
planar or plane, condyloid or ellipsoid, saddle
which joints are multiaxial
ball and socket
condyloid joints look like
oval-shaped and one bone convexed and other bone oval shaped concave
arthritis is a what
disorder of synovial joints that involves inflammation of the joint
osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis
true
what causes osteoarthritis
wear and tear, physical labour, fat, and aging
rheumatoid arthritis impacts several joints
true
what causes rheumatoid arthritis
own body decides to inflame the synovial membrane
rheumatoid arthritis is not an autoimmune failure
false
an interosseous membrane forms a what
syndesmosis fibrous joint
side flexion (lateral flexion)
bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side
dorsiflexion
movement of the ankle so the toes faces up
plantarflexion
movement of the ankle so that the toes are pointed downward
radial deviation
toward the radius bone, or thumb side
internal/medial rotation
turning movement toward the midline
external/lateral rotation
turning movement away from the midline
circumduction
circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
inversion
movement of the foot so that the sole is turned medially
eversion
movement of the foot so that the sole is turned laterally
retrusion
located posterior to the normal position
protrusion
located forward of the normal position
lateral excursion/lateral deviation
moves the mandible away from midline
medial excursion/medial deviation
moves the mandible back to midline
opposition of thumb
the movement of the thumb across the palm to contact the other fingers
reposition of thumb
returning thumb next index finger in anatomical position
ulnar deviation
toward the ulna or pinky finger side
muscles are required for what
movement
naming muscle by sizes, what are the terms for largest, medium and smallest
maximus, medius, minimus
by size muscle, what are the terms for long and short
longus, brevis
what are the muscle terms for straight and at an angle
rectus, oblique
when the name of a muscle is based on the attachments, the origin is always named …
first
whats the difference between origin and insertion
insertion is the moving part and pulled, origin stays stable
prime mover or agonist
the prime and main muscles involved in a movement (forearm flexion, biceps brachii and brachialis are the agonists)
synergist
the assisting muscles to help the agonists (the brachioradialis helps the forearm flexion)
fixator
stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover’s origin
antagonist
is the muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover (elbow flexion would be triceps brachii)
what are the 2 important roles in muscle function for antagonists
- they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect, 2. they control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch
what muscle does not attach to bone or pull on bone
orbicularis oculi (around the eyes), orbicularis oris (around the mouth)
the nervous system is made up of?
CNS and PNS
what is in the CNS
brain and spinal cord
what is in the PNS
everything else
nervous tissue is made up of
neurons and glial cells
glial cell
provide a framework of tissue that supports the neurons and their activities
what do neurons have?
a cell body or soma, has processes (extensions) like axon (fiber that connects a neuron with its target), dendrite (for receiving input from other neurons)
where is the axon terminal
at the end of the axon, ends called a synaptic end bulb, which make the connection with the target cell at the synapse
roles of neurons in the nervous system
receiving information about the environment (sensation) and generate a response to that info (motor responses), process of integration which takes input and cognitive elements to generate a response
somatic nervous system
voluntary and innervation of skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
involuntary, innervation of glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
sensory (afferent) division contains which sensory
somatic and visceral
motor (efferent) division has which systems
somatic and autonomic
ANS divides into
sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
where are the lower motor neurons originating
ventral horn of the spinal cord
what is neuron vs nerve
neuron is a single nerve/axon, nerve is group of neurons/axons in the PNS (1 nerve may consist of 100’s-1000’s of neurons)
spinal nerves
packages of neurons as they travel in the region of the intervertebral foramen beside the spinal cord
sciatic nerve
back of leg
