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human anatomy > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal plane, midsagittal, parasagittal

A

divide the body vertically into right and left sides, down the middle, unequal sides

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2
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body horizontally into upper and lower

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3
Q

frontal plane (coronal)

A

divides into anterior and posterior plane

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4
Q

Ipsilateral

A

situated on or affecting the same side of the body

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5
Q

contralateral

A

situated on or affecting the opposite side of the body

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6
Q

forehead

A

frons

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7
Q

skull

A

cranium

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8
Q

eye

A

oculus

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9
Q

face

A

facies

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10
Q

cheek

A

bucca

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11
Q

nose

A

nasus

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12
Q

mouth

A

oris

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13
Q

neck

A

cervicis

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14
Q

chin

A

mentis

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15
Q

armpit

A

axilla axillary

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16
Q

chest

A

thorax or thorcis

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17
Q

arm

A

brachium

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18
Q

breast

A

mamma

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19
Q

front of elbow

A

antecubital

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20
Q

abdominal

A

abdomen

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21
Q

forearm

A

antebrachium

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22
Q

hip

A

hip coxal

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23
Q

navel

A

umbilicus

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23
Q

navel

A

umbilicus

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24
Q

wrist

A

carpus

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25
Q

thumb

A

pollex

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26
Q

groin

A

inguen

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27
Q

palm

A

palma palmar

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28
Q

fingers

A

digits (phalanges)

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29
Q

kneecap

A

patella

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30
Q

thigh

A

femur

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31
Q

leg

A

crus

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32
Q

ankle

A

tarsus

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33
Q

toes

A

digits (phalanges)

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34
Q

great toe

A

hallux

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35
Q

pes

A

foot

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36
Q

shoulder

A

acromial

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37
Q

head

A

cephalon

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38
Q

neck

A

cervicis (cervical)

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39
Q

back

A

dorsum dorsal

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40
Q

arm

A

brachium brachial

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41
Q

back of elbow

A

olecranon olecranal

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42
Q

loin

A

lumbus lumbar

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43
Q

buttock

A

gluteus gluteal

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44
Q

back of knee

A

popliteus popliteal

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45
Q

hand

A

manus manual

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46
Q

calf

A

sura sural

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47
Q

heel or foot

A

calcaneus calacaneal

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48
Q

sole of foot

A

planta plantar

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49
Q

what is a tissue?

A

groups of closely associated cells that are similar in structure and perform common function

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50
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue in the body

A

connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous

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51
Q

subdivisions of connective tissue?

A

blood, bone (compact, spongy), cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), connective tissue proper (loose - areolar, adipose, reticular) (dense - dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)

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52
Q

connective tissue made up of?

A

loosely packed cells eg. fibroblasts, fibers (proteins) - collagen (strength), elastic (elasticity), reticular (form scaffolding for other cells), ground substance - gel-like - water with dissolved proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans

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53
Q

the extracellular matrix is made of

A

fibers and ground substance

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54
Q

dense connective tissue types

A

dense regular (tendons, ligaments)

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55
Q

is cartilage avascular?

A

yes

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56
Q

pelvis

A

pelvic

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57
Q

below the lumbar

A

sacrum sacral

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58
Q

what are joints?

A

they are connections between bone and bone, bone and cartilage, bone and teeth

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59
Q

what are articulations and arthroses (singular = arthrosis)

A

it is another terms for joints

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60
Q

how are joints classified by

A

function (how much movement do they allow)
or structure (their component parts; what makes up the joint)

61
Q

what are the different function joint movements?

A

synarthrosis/es (almost) no movement like sutures in skull
amphiarthrosis/es: some movement
diarthrosis/es free moving like hips and knees

62
Q

what are the different joint structures classifications

A

fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial

63
Q

what is fibrous joint

A

dense connective tissue “bridges gap”

64
Q

how many types of fibrous joint

A

3 suture, syndesmosis/es, gomphosis/es

65
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint

A

cartilage “bridges gap”

66
Q

how many types of cartilaginous joints

A

2 synchondrosis/es, symphysis/es

67
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

synovial fluid in capsule “bridges gap”

68
Q

how many types of synovial joints

A

6 planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid (ellipsoid), saddle, ball and socket

69
Q

do synovial joints have substance?

A

no

70
Q

are all synovial joints diarthrotic

A

yes

71
Q

are sutures found exclusively in the skull?

A

yes

72
Q

is syndesmosis tightly held together?

A

no, you can visualize the dense connective tissue if possible

73
Q

what does gomphosis fibrous joint do

A

tooth into the socket specifically

74
Q

are the sutures in a newborn/infants closed together?

A

no, because the brain needs to grow

75
Q

what are in these gaps of the sutures of babies

A

fontanelles

76
Q

what type of cartilage is synchondrosis joints

A

hyaline cartilage

77
Q

what is in symphysis joints

A

fibrocartilage

78
Q

is symphyses joints stronger than synchondroses joints?

A

yes because of fibrocartilage

79
Q

all costochondral joints are ….

A

synchondroses joints

80
Q

what happens if fracture on epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?

A

one limb might be longer than the other

81
Q

what is synostosis

A

the growth plate closes at a certain age

82
Q

the epiphyseal plate is …..

A

temporary

83
Q

are some synchondrosis joints permanent?

A

yes

84
Q

the pubic portions of the right and left hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by …. and this joint is called what

A

fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis

84
Q

the pubic portions of the right and left hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by ….

A

fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis

85
Q

what unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae within the vertical column and what kind of joint is it?

A

intervertebral disc and is a symphysis type of joint

86
Q

what holds synovia fluid?

A

it is in a joint capsule which has dense connective tissue proper on the outside

87
Q

articular cartilage is also known as ….

A

hyaline cartilage

88
Q

what is the swelling of bursas called?

A

bursitis

89
Q

pivot joint allows for … and what structure

A

roration around an axis and one bone rounded, other “ring” of bone plus ligament

90
Q

hinge joint at the elbow acts like a and what is their structure

A

door hinge and one bone end concave and one bone end convex

91
Q

a saddle joint is the

A

articulation between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb

92
Q

plane joints allow for and what is their structure

A

gliding movements between bones and flat or slightly curved

93
Q

hip and shoulder joints are the …. and are they the only ones in the body?

A

ball-and-socket joints and yes

94
Q

which joints are monaxial or uniaxial

A

hinge, pivot

95
Q

which joints are biaxial

A

planar or plane, condyloid or ellipsoid, saddle

96
Q

which joints are multiaxial

A

ball and socket

97
Q

condyloid joints look like

A

oval-shaped and one bone convexed and other bone oval shaped concave

98
Q

arthritis is a what

A

disorder of synovial joints that involves inflammation of the joint

99
Q

osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis

A

true

100
Q

what causes osteoarthritis

A

wear and tear, physical labour, fat, and aging

101
Q

rheumatoid arthritis impacts several joints

A

true

102
Q

what causes rheumatoid arthritis

A

own body decides to inflame the synovial membrane

103
Q

rheumatoid arthritis is not an autoimmune failure

A

false

104
Q

an interosseous membrane forms a what

A

syndesmosis fibrous joint

105
Q

side flexion (lateral flexion)

A

bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side

106
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement of the ankle so the toes faces up

107
Q

plantarflexion

A

movement of the ankle so that the toes are pointed downward

108
Q

radial deviation

A

toward the radius bone, or thumb side

109
Q

internal/medial rotation

A

turning movement toward the midline

110
Q

external/lateral rotation

A

turning movement away from the midline

111
Q

circumduction

A

circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

112
Q

inversion

A

movement of the foot so that the sole is turned medially

113
Q

eversion

A

movement of the foot so that the sole is turned laterally

114
Q

retrusion

A

located posterior to the normal position

115
Q

protrusion

A

located forward of the normal position

116
Q

lateral excursion/lateral deviation

A

moves the mandible away from midline

117
Q

medial excursion/medial deviation

A

moves the mandible back to midline

118
Q

opposition of thumb

A

the movement of the thumb across the palm to contact the other fingers

119
Q

reposition of thumb

A

returning thumb next index finger in anatomical position

120
Q

ulnar deviation

A

toward the ulna or pinky finger side

121
Q

muscles are required for what

A

movement

122
Q

naming muscle by sizes, what are the terms for largest, medium and smallest

A

maximus, medius, minimus

123
Q

by size muscle, what are the terms for long and short

A

longus, brevis

124
Q

what are the muscle terms for straight and at an angle

A

rectus, oblique

125
Q

when the name of a muscle is based on the attachments, the origin is always named …

A

first

126
Q

whats the difference between origin and insertion

A

insertion is the moving part and pulled, origin stays stable

127
Q

prime mover or agonist

A

the prime and main muscles involved in a movement (forearm flexion, biceps brachii and brachialis are the agonists)

128
Q

synergist

A

the assisting muscles to help the agonists (the brachioradialis helps the forearm flexion)

129
Q

fixator

A

stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover’s origin

130
Q

antagonist

A

is the muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover (elbow flexion would be triceps brachii)

131
Q

what are the 2 important roles in muscle function for antagonists

A
  1. they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect, 2. they control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch
132
Q

what muscle does not attach to bone or pull on bone

A

orbicularis oculi (around the eyes), orbicularis oris (around the mouth)

133
Q

the nervous system is made up of?

A

CNS and PNS

134
Q

what is in the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

135
Q

what is in the PNS

A

everything else

136
Q

nervous tissue is made up of

A

neurons and glial cells

137
Q

glial cell

A

provide a framework of tissue that supports the neurons and their activities

138
Q

what do neurons have?

A

a cell body or soma, has processes (extensions) like axon (fiber that connects a neuron with its target), dendrite (for receiving input from other neurons)

139
Q

where is the axon terminal

A

at the end of the axon, ends called a synaptic end bulb, which make the connection with the target cell at the synapse

140
Q

roles of neurons in the nervous system

A

receiving information about the environment (sensation) and generate a response to that info (motor responses), process of integration which takes input and cognitive elements to generate a response

141
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary and innervation of skeletal muscles

142
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary, innervation of glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

143
Q

sensory (afferent) division contains which sensory

A

somatic and visceral

144
Q

motor (efferent) division has which systems

A

somatic and autonomic

145
Q

ANS divides into

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

146
Q

where are the lower motor neurons originating

A

ventral horn of the spinal cord

147
Q

what is neuron vs nerve

A

neuron is a single nerve/axon, nerve is group of neurons/axons in the PNS (1 nerve may consist of 100’s-1000’s of neurons)

148
Q

spinal nerves

A

packages of neurons as they travel in the region of the intervertebral foramen beside the spinal cord

149
Q

sciatic nerve

A

back of leg

human anatomy (8 decks)

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