Test 1 Flashcards
Sex
Distinguished by genes, chromosomes, and hormones
Gender
Social categories set apart by psychological features and role attributes
Gender Role
Social position accompanied by a set of norms
Intrarole Conflict
Expectations with a role conflict each other
Interrole Conflict
Expectations of one role conflict with another role’s expectations
Gender Identity
Perception of the self
Feminist
believe women and men should be treated equally
What do feminists value?
Gender equality, then activism
Sexism
attitudes of prejudice towards people based on sex
Gender-role sterotype
cognitive beliefs about the features of the psychological or biological categories of male and female
Sex discrimination
differential treatment towards men and women
Correlation
Observing the relationship between two variables
Experiment
manipulating one variable and observing the effect on another
Internal validity
confidence that the true cause of the effect is being studied
External validity
confidence that the results from an experiment generalize to the real world
Construct validity
making sure what you’re measuring is what you set out to test
Meta-Analysis
Summary of a lot of studies to develop a conclusion
Social Desirability Bias
people anwer in a socially acceptable way
Confirmation bias
looking for results that fit your thinking
Selection bias
bias in how you choose groups
Recent reserach trends
- Multifaceted constructs of gender
- Roles are affected by social context
- Shifting the focus to perceiver effects
Gender Role Strain
Tension from not fulfilling your assigned gender role “duties”
Social Construct Theory
The way men and women act is based on the culture and norms around them
Gender Ideology
Attitudes towards gender roles
Tradition Gender Ideology
Men sphere is work and women’s sphere is home
Egalitarian Gender Ideology
Power is distributed equally, and each identify equally with the same spheres
Transitional Gender Ideology
It’s okay to identify with the same sphere but women should devote more time with kids and men should work a bit more
Discrimination
treat people differently based on differences
Hostile Discrimination
feelings of hostility towards women reflected by negative assumptions about them
Benevolent Discrimination
underestimating women
Stereotype
set of beliefs about a certain group of people
Ideology
attitudes of how roles should be shaped
Category Based expectancy
assumptions based on characteristics of general categories of which they belong
Target-based expectancy
perceptions based on individual info
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
when expectations influence behavior towards someone
Backlash Effect
the penalty that is imposed on people for counter stereotypical behavior
What spatial ability are men good at?
Mental Rotation
What spatial ability are women good at?
Object location memory
Sex Differences in Math
Female: more negativity, lower self-concepts of ability
Considered male field
Sex Differences in Verbal ability
Female: talk earlier, better grammar and writing
Male: reading difficulty, stuttering
Empathy
feeling the same emotion as another person
Sex Differences in Aggression
Male: more likely to be physically aggressive, medium arousal brings more aggression
Sex Differences in Sexuality
Male: more partners, more casual sex, masturbation, pornography
Female: slightly more same-sex sexual behavior, varied
File Drawer Problem
Research doesn’t get published because it won’t get people’s attention
Object relations theory
- importance of early relationships in establishing gender identity
- Family structure and early social experiences determine sexuality
- mothers are responsible for the development of distinct gender roles
Social Learning Theory
we learn behavior that is modeled and we learned behavior that’s reinforced
Modeling
tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes, and emotional responses
Reinforcement
the process of encouraging or establishing a belief or pattern of behavior, especially by encouragement or reward.
Gender Role Socialization Theory
fundamental assumptions about agents in the environment
Parent Agent
Treat genders differently; encourage agentic for males and communal for females
Other People Agent
stereotype people we don’t know
Toy Agent
color, packaging, and type made for a specific gender
Book Agent
Damsels in Distress and Knights in Shining Armor
TV Agent
Female sexual features exaggerated, traditional roles, female underrepresentation in sports
Ad Agent
Market to different genders
Social Role Theory
focuses on society and how societal role structure shape behavior across groups of people
Cognitive Development Theory
acquisition of gender roles takes place in the head
Schema
category that contains info about the features of the category, as well as association with other categories
Gender Schematic
using gender category as a guiding principle in behavior
Gender Aschematic
doesn’t use gender category as a guiding principle
3 Determinates of Gendered Behavior
- Perceiver’s expectations
- target’s self-concept
- situation
Cognitive confirmation
we see what we want to see
Behavioral confirmation
perceiver’s expectations actually alters target’s behavior
Self-verification
concerns with behaving consistent with self-concepts
Self-Preservation
concerns with how our behavior is seen by others
Self-Monitoring
the extent one is concerned with self-preservation or self-verification
