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Pathology > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

causation + the scientific study of something =

A

etiology (eti+ology)

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2
Q

Name some common triggers for depression

A 
Work/academic stress
Genetic predisposition
Traumatic events
Romantic Problems
Familial problems
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3
Q

This type of condition develops or worsens over time, as in artherosclerosis

A

Chronic

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4
Q

In this type of condition, conditions appear or change, or worsen rapidly, as in a heart attack

A

Acute

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5
Q

Any perceptible change in the body or function that indicates disease or pathology. It is considered to be subjective, meaning the information is based on the patient’s personal perception of what they are feeling.

A

Symptom

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6
Q

Objective indicators of a disease, a manifestation that is noted by an observer.

A

Sign

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7
Q

prevalence of disease + the scientific study of something =

A

Epidemiology (Epidemia + ology)

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8
Q

All cases / population at risk =

A

Prevalance

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9
Q

New cases / population at risk =

A

Incidence

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10
Q

Aids in removing soil

A

Cleaner

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11
Q

Reduces number of bacteria

A

Sanitizer

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12
Q

Kills fungi, bacteria and viruses

A

Disinfectant

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13
Q

Eliminates all bacteria, bacteria, fungus and spores

A

Sterilant

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14
Q

Health organization whose primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations system.

A

World Health Organization

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15
Q

The decision-making body of the WHO, comprised of health ministers from member states, who determine the WHO’s policies and approve the programme budget (where is it held?)

A

World Health Assembly (Geneva, Switzerland)

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16
Q

This health organization describes social determinants of health (SDOH) as the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.

A

Healthy People 2030

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17
Q

This is the main Government of Canada agency responsible for public health in Canada

A

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

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18
Q

(T/F) Under the Canadian constitution, health care
falls largely under the authority of the provinces.
Only provincial government have the power to
pass laws governing the financing and delivery
of health services to the majority of Canadians.

A

True

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19
Q

Ontario’s public health programs have 3 main focuses:

A
  • prevention
  • screening
  • education
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20
Q

Public Health in Ontario is under the responsibility of the

A

Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care

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21
Q

Public health programs are delivered across the province by 36 ______________. A _____________ is a government health agency. They are set up by one or more municipalities to provide community health programs (e.g. Toronto Public Health). These programs are carried out by full-time, specially qualified staff.

A

Public health unit

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22
Q

Each public health unit is run by a __________, who reports to a local board of health. The board is largely made up of elected representatives from the local municipal councils. The ministry shares the cost of public health programs with the municipalities.

A

medical officer of health

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23
Q

Defined as an interruption, cessation or disorder of a body system or organ structure that is characterized by a recognized etiologic agent, an identifiable group of sign and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations.

A

Disease

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24
Q

Study of the disease process affecting the physiological functions of the body.

A

Pathophysiology

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25
Q

the study of the nature and cause of disease, which

involves changes in structures and function

A

Pathology

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26
Q

A disease or abnormal condition can involve _________ changes at the organ or system level, and/or microscopic changes at the cellular level.

A

gross

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27
Q

To establish the cause of a disease, pathology laboratory studies will perform a ______ on living tissue, during which a small amount tissue is excised and then examined. After death, this procedure is referred to as a _________ (aka post-mortem examination).

A

biopsy, autopsy

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28
Q

_____________concerns the causative factors in a particular disease. There may be one or many causative factors.

A

Etiology

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29
Q

Name 4 Etiology agents

A
  1. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
  2. Physical trauma: trauma, burns, radiation
  3. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol.
  4. Nutritional excesses and deficits
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30
Q

Disease present at birth

A

Congenital disorder

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31
Q

Disease that surfaces later in life

A

Aquired

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32
Q

When the cause of disease is unknown, it is termed ___________

A

Idiopathic

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33
Q

When a treatment, a procedure, or an error may cause a disease, it is described as ______________ e.g. urinary bladder infection following urinary catheterization.

A

iatrogenic

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34
Q

Risk factors aka ________ indicate a risk for a disease.

A

predisposing factors

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35
Q

A _________________ is an element that causes or contributes to the occurrence of a disorder, (i.e. a trigger), versus causing the disorder itself, such as something that initiates a seizure in an individual with seizure disorder.

A

precipitating factor

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36
Q

_______________ of disease is closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease.

A

Prevention

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37
Q

_____________ prevention:
 Remove risk factors
 Vaccination, safety equipment, staying active and fit

A

Primary

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38
Q

______________Prevention:
 Detects disease early when it’s still asymptomatic and treatment
measures can affect a cure or stop it from progressing (screening)
 E.g. Pap test, mammogram, blood test

A

Secondary

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39
Q

______________Prevention:
 Clinical intervention to prevent further deterioration or reduce the
complications of disease once it has been diagnosed.
 E.g. the use of beta-adrenergic drugs to reduce the risk of death in persons who have had a heart attack, stents, splints, physiotherapy, insulin for diabetics, etc.

A

Tertiary

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40
Q

____________ refers to the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiological agent until the ultimate expression of disease, e.g. atherosclerosis leading to coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

Pathogenisis

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41
Q

The course or progress of a

disease may be marked by _________ and __________.

A

remissions and exacerbations

42
Q

A __________________ exists in those conditions where pathological changes occur, but no obvious manifestations (minimal symptoms), are exhibited by the patient perhaps because of great reserve capacity of an organ (e.g. kidney damage progressing to renal failure without being noticed).

A

subclinical state

43
Q

An initial latent or silent stage of disease; a time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs and symptoms. Time period is variable and disease agent is communicable during this period.

A

Incubation period

44
Q

The time in the early development of disease when body is undergoing changes but signs and symptoms are non-specific e.g. fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, fever, etc.

A

Prodromal period

45
Q

Appearance of more specific signs and symptoms (period of illness and decline of disease).

A

Acute stage/Clinical stage

46
Q

Stage of disease in which individual harbors an organism but does not have an active infection. This person can transmit infection to others.

A

Convalescent or Carrier stage

47
Q

Stage in which total elimination of pathogen without residual S/S of disease.

A

Resolution stage

48
Q

The manifestations of a disease are the clinical evidence of effect (aka clinical manifestations). These manifestations can be _______ (found at the site of the problem) or _______ (involving multiple organ systems of the body)

A

local, systemic

49
Q

True/false: Signs/Symptoms (S/S) may be related to the primary disorder or they may represent the body’s attempt to compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition; usually occurs together in response to certain conditions.

A

True

50
Q

A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ; these S/S occurring together indicate the presence of a specific disorder, e.g. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

A

Syndrome

51
Q

Refers to the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem e.g. bacterial pneumonia

A

Diagnosis

52
Q

Secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins e.g. development of congestive heart failure following a heart attack. In massage therapy, we take into consideration compensatory factors/changes, e.g. an ankle sprain may cause hip issues, due to limping.

A

Complications

53
Q

The potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition (disease or injury), such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke, depression following a traumatic injury etc.; an after-effect or consequence

A

Sequelae

54
Q

Treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow progress of a disease. These measures include:
 Drug therapy
 Surgery
 Physiotherapy
 Complementary practices (e.g. MASSAGE!)

A

Therapy or therapeutic interventions

55
Q

The period of recovery and return to the normal health state. This period may last for several days or months.

A

Convalescence (rehabilitation)

56
Q

The likelihood of recovery, partial recovery, or other outcomes.

A

Probability

57
Q

The disease rates within a group. It is sometimes used to indicate the functional impairment that certain conditions, such as stroke, cause within a population.

A

Morbidity

58
Q

The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease.

A

Mortality

59
Q

Either existing cases or newly diagnosed cases within a

given period.

A

Disease cases

60
Q

T/F: Both incidence and prevalence are

always reported as rates i.e. cases per 100 or per 100,000.

A

True

61
Q

When there are higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area.

A

Epidemic

62
Q

higher number of cases in many regions of the globe.

A

Pandemic

63
Q

Infections that can spread from one person to another.

A

Communicable disease

64
Q

This type of disease must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities - in Ontario, the Medical Officer of Health in the local public health unit - to prevent further spread of the disease.

A

Cases requiring notification or reportable disease

65
Q

progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention

A

Natural History/Progression

66
Q

Study of _____________can be used to:
1. determine disease outcome
2. establish priorities for health care services
3. determine the effects of screening and early detection programs on
disease outcomes
4. compare results of new treatments with the expected outcome without treatment
5. study prognosis, refers to the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease; can be designated as chances for full recovery, possibility of complications, or anticipated survival time; prognosis is often presented in relation to treatment options.

A

natural history

67
Q

72 hours after conception, mass of cells form (12-16 cells) AKA _________(mulberry)

A

morula

68
Q

3-6 days after conception, Morula enters the uterus, divides into 2 parts:

A 
blastocyst:
1. Trophoblasts make
up outer border
(placenta)
2. Embryoblasts make
up inner mass
69
Q

A baby born in the 35th week is considered premature by ______ instead of __________

A

date instead of weight

70
Q

What is considered ideal birth weight?

A

3-4 kg (6.6 lbs-8.8 lbs)

71
Q

Test used to evaluate the health of the newborn

A 
AGPAR
Appearance (skin colour)
Grimace response(reflexes)
Pulse (heart rate)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration (breathing rate and effort)
72
Q

Partial or full paralysis of the arm, often

accompanied by loss of sensation

A

Erb’s palsy

73
Q

Paralysis of the forearm and hand (rare in

babies)

A

Klumpke’s Palsy

74
Q

Issue defined by “rule of three”, symptoms appear more than 3 hours/day, 3 days a week, for 3
weeks.

A

Colic

75
Q

 Large period of growth and development
 Locomotion, coordinated movement
 Language

A

Early Childhood: 12 months – 4 years old

76
Q

 Coordinated movement continues to develop

 Language skills, problem-solving ability continues to develop

A

Middle to Late Childhood: 5-12 years old

77
Q

 Puberty/sexual maturation
 Growth spurt in girls from 9-14 years old, (2
years ahead of boys)
 Boys growth sp

A

Adolescence: 11-12 years old to 18-21 years old - “teenage years”

78
Q 
Common concerns in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
 Injury
 Suicide
 Cancer
 Risky sexual behaviour/pregnancy
 Substance abuse
A

adolescence

79
Q 
Common Health problems in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_t:
 Skin and tissue changes
 Stature and musculoskeletal
function
 Sarcopenia & osteoporosis
A

Older Adult: 65 years and older

80
Q

 Begins to babble
 Brings hand to mouth
 First smile

A

3 months

81
Q 
 Babbles chains of sounds
 Can tell emotions by tone of voice
 Develops full colour vision
 Responds to own name
 Transfers object from hand to hand
A

7 months

82
Q 
 Bangs two objects together
 Crawls forward on belly
 Cries when parent leaves
 Finds objects even when hidden under two or three covers
 Finger feeds him/herself
 Reaches sitting position without help
 Responds to “no”
 Able to say simple words (e.g. “dada” “mama”)
 Walks holding onto furniture
A

1 year

83
Q 
 Begins make-believe play
 Begins to run
 Begins to show defiant behaviour
 Begins to sort by shapes and colours
 Says 2-4 word sentences
 Turns over container to pour out contents
 Walks alone
 Walks up and down stairs holding onto support
A

2 years

84
Q

 Can ride a tricycle
 Expresses affection openly
 Sorts objects by shape and colour

A

3 years

85
Q

 Cooperates with other children
 Uses scissors
 Walks up and down stairs without support

A

4 years

86
Q

 Dresses and undresses without help

 Uses a fork, spoon, and (sometimes) a knife to eat

A

5 years

87
Q

Growth charts produced by the _________________ are used by medical professionals to see if children are developing properly.

A

Centre for Disease Control (CDC)

88
Q

Prefix: not, without, (having) no

A

a, an

89
Q

Prefix: within

A

endo, ento, end, ent

90
Q

Prefix: over, excessive

A

hyper

91
Q

Prefix: below, less than normal

A

hypo

92
Q

Suffix: pertaining to, like

A

ac, iac

93
Q

Suffix: (t)ic

A

also pertaining to, like

94
Q

Suffix: like, having the shape of

A

oid

95
Q

Suffix: to make, to do something with, to subject to

A

ize

96
Q

Suffix: science of, systematic study of

A

ology

97
Q

Suffix: surgical removal of (act of cutting out)

A

ectomy

98
Q

Suffix: condition of the blood, congestion of blood in

A

emia

99
Q

Suffix: inflammation of, inflammatory disease of

A

itis

100
Q

Suffix: tumor of, swelling containing, diseased condition of, result of

A

oma

Pathology (4 decks)

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