Test #1 Flashcards by Josh Edgar

causation + the scientific study of something =

etiology (eti+ology)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name some common triggers for depression

Work/academic stress
Genetic predisposition
Traumatic events
Romantic Problems
Familial problems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This type of condition develops or worsens over time, as in artherosclerosis

Chronic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In this type of condition, conditions appear or change, or worsen rapidly, as in a heart attack

Acute

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Any perceptible change in the body or function that indicates disease or pathology. It is considered to be subjective, meaning the information is based on the patient’s personal perception of what they are feeling.

Symptom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Objective indicators of a disease, a manifestation that is noted by an observer.

Sign

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prevalence of disease + the scientific study of something =

Epidemiology (Epidemia + ology)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All cases / population at risk =

Prevalance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

New cases / population at risk =

Incidence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aids in removing soil

Cleaner

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reduces number of bacteria

Sanitizer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Kills fungi, bacteria and viruses

Disinfectant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eliminates all bacteria, bacteria, fungus and spores

Sterilant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Health organization whose primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations system.

World Health Organization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The decision-making body of the WHO, comprised of health ministers from member states, who determine the WHO’s policies and approve the programme budget (where is it held?)

World Health Assembly (Geneva, Switzerland)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This health organization describes social determinants of health (SDOH) as the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.

Healthy People 2030

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is the main Government of Canada agency responsible for public health in Canada

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(T/F) Under the Canadian constitution, health care
falls largely under the authority of the provinces.
Only provincial government have the power to
pass laws governing the financing and delivery
of health services to the majority of Canadians.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ontario’s public health programs have 3 main focuses:

prevention
screening
education

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Public Health in Ontario is under the responsibility of the

Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Public health programs are delivered across the province by 36 ______________. A _____________ is a government health agency. They are set up by one or more municipalities to provide community health programs (e.g. Toronto Public Health). These programs are carried out by full-time, specially qualified staff.

Public health unit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Each public health unit is run by a __________, who reports to a local board of health. The board is largely made up of elected representatives from the local municipal councils. The ministry shares the cost of public health programs with the municipalities.

medical officer of health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Defined as an interruption, cessation or disorder of a body system or organ structure that is characterized by a recognized etiologic agent, an identifiable group of sign and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations.

Disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Study of the disease process affecting the physiological functions of the body.

Pathophysiology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the study of the nature and cause of disease, which | involves changes in structures and function

Pathology

A disease or abnormal condition can involve _________ changes at the organ or system level, and/or microscopic changes at the cellular level.

gross

To establish the cause of a disease, pathology laboratory studies will perform a ______ on living tissue, during which a small amount tissue is excised and then examined. After death, this procedure is referred to as a _________ (aka post-mortem examination).

biopsy, autopsy

_____________concerns the causative factors in a particular disease. There may be one or many causative factors.

Etiology

Name 4 Etiology agents

1. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses 2. Physical trauma: trauma, burns, radiation 3. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol. 4. Nutritional excesses and deficits

Disease present at birth

Congenital disorder

Disease that surfaces later in life

Aquired

When the cause of disease is unknown, it is termed ___________

Idiopathic

When a treatment, a procedure, or an error may cause a disease, it is described as ______________ e.g. urinary bladder infection following urinary catheterization.

iatrogenic

Risk factors aka ________ indicate a risk for a disease.

predisposing factors

A _________________ is an element that causes or contributes to the occurrence of a disorder, (i.e. a trigger), versus causing the disorder itself, such as something that initiates a seizure in an individual with seizure disorder.

precipitating factor

_______________ of disease is closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease.

Prevention

_____________ prevention:  Remove risk factors  Vaccination, safety equipment, staying active and fit

Primary

______________Prevention:  Detects disease early when it’s still asymptomatic and treatment measures can affect a cure or stop it from progressing (screening)  E.g. Pap test, mammogram, blood test

Secondary

______________Prevention:  Clinical intervention to prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of disease once it has been diagnosed.  E.g. the use of beta-adrenergic drugs to reduce the risk of death in persons who have had a heart attack, stents, splints, physiotherapy, insulin for diabetics, etc.

Tertiary

____________ refers to the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiological agent until the ultimate expression of disease, e.g. atherosclerosis leading to coronary artery disease (CAD)

Pathogenisis

The course or progress of a | disease may be marked by _________ and __________.

remissions and exacerbations

A __________________ exists in those conditions where pathological changes occur, but no obvious manifestations (minimal symptoms), are exhibited by the patient perhaps because of great reserve capacity of an organ (e.g. kidney damage progressing to renal failure without being noticed).

subclinical state

An initial latent or silent stage of disease; a time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs and symptoms. Time period is variable and disease agent is communicable during this period.

Incubation period

The time in the early development of disease when body is undergoing changes but signs and symptoms are non-specific e.g. fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, fever, etc.

Prodromal period

Appearance of more specific signs and symptoms (period of illness and decline of disease).

Acute stage/Clinical stage

Stage of disease in which individual harbors an organism but does not have an active infection. This person can transmit infection to others.

Convalescent or Carrier stage

Stage in which total elimination of pathogen without residual S/S of disease.

Resolution stage

The manifestations of a disease are the clinical evidence of effect (aka clinical manifestations). These manifestations can be _______ (found at the site of the problem) or _______ (involving multiple organ systems of the body)

local, systemic

True/false: Signs/Symptoms (S/S) may be related to the primary disorder or they may represent the body’s attempt to compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition; usually occurs together in response to certain conditions.

True

A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ; these S/S occurring together indicate the presence of a specific disorder, e.g. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

Syndrome

Refers to the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem e.g. bacterial pneumonia

Diagnosis

Secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins e.g. development of congestive heart failure following a heart attack. In massage therapy, we take into consideration compensatory factors/changes, e.g. an ankle sprain may cause hip issues, due to limping.

Complications

The potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition (disease or injury), such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke, depression following a traumatic injury etc.; an after-effect or consequence

Sequelae

Treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow progress of a disease. These measures include:  Drug therapy  Surgery  Physiotherapy  Complementary practices (e.g. MASSAGE!)

Therapy or therapeutic interventions

The period of recovery and return to the normal health state. This period may last for several days or months.

Convalescence (rehabilitation)

The likelihood of recovery, partial recovery, or other outcomes.

Probability

The disease rates within a group. It is sometimes used to indicate the functional impairment that certain conditions, such as stroke, cause within a population.

Morbidity

The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease.

Mortality

Either existing cases or newly diagnosed cases within a | given period.

Disease cases

T/F: Both incidence and prevalence are | always reported as rates i.e. cases per 100 or per 100,000.

True

When there are higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area.

Epidemic

higher number of cases in many regions of the globe.

Pandemic

Infections that can spread from one person to another.

Communicable disease

This type of disease must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities - in Ontario, the Medical Officer of Health in the local public health unit - to prevent further spread of the disease.

Cases requiring notification or reportable disease

progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention

Natural History/Progression

Study of _____________can be used to: 1. determine disease outcome 2. establish priorities for health care services 3. determine the effects of screening and early detection programs on disease outcomes 4. compare results of new treatments with the expected outcome without treatment 5. study prognosis, refers to the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease; can be designated as chances for full recovery, possibility of complications, or anticipated survival time; prognosis is often presented in relation to treatment options.

natural history

72 hours after conception, mass of cells form (12-16 cells) AKA _________(mulberry)

morula

3-6 days after conception, Morula enters the uterus, divides into 2 parts:

``` blastocyst: 1. Trophoblasts make up outer border (placenta) 2. Embryoblasts make up inner mass ```

A baby born in the 35th week is considered premature by ______ instead of __________

date instead of weight

What is considered ideal birth weight?

3-4 kg (6.6 lbs-8.8 lbs)

Test used to evaluate the health of the newborn

``` AGPAR Appearance (skin colour) Grimace response(reflexes) Pulse (heart rate) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration (breathing rate and effort) ```

Partial or full paralysis of the arm, often | accompanied by loss of sensation

Erb's palsy

Paralysis of the forearm and hand (rare in | babies)

Klumpke’s Palsy

Issue defined by “rule of three”, symptoms appear more than 3 hours/day, 3 days a week, for 3 weeks.

Colic

 Large period of growth and development  Locomotion, coordinated movement  Language

Early Childhood: 12 months – 4 years old

 Coordinated movement continues to develop |  Language skills, problem-solving ability continues to develop

Middle to Late Childhood: 5-12 years old

 Puberty/sexual maturation  Growth spurt in girls from 9-14 years old, (2 years ahead of boys)  Boys growth sp

Adolescence: 11-12 years old to 18-21 years old - “teenage years”

``` Common concerns in ______________:  Injury  Suicide  Cancer  Risky sexual behaviour/pregnancy  Substance abuse ```

adolescence

``` Common Health problems in ___________t:  Skin and tissue changes  Stature and musculoskeletal function  Sarcopenia & osteoporosis ```

Older Adult: 65 years and older

 Begins to babble  Brings hand to mouth  First smile

3 months

```  Babbles chains of sounds  Can tell emotions by tone of voice  Develops full colour vision  Responds to own name  Transfers object from hand to hand ```

7 months

```  Bangs two objects together  Crawls forward on belly  Cries when parent leaves  Finds objects even when hidden under two or three covers  Finger feeds him/herself  Reaches sitting position without help  Responds to “no”  Able to say simple words (e.g. “dada” “mama”)  Walks holding onto furniture ```

1 year

```  Begins make-believe play  Begins to run  Begins to show defiant behaviour  Begins to sort by shapes and colours  Says 2-4 word sentences  Turns over container to pour out contents  Walks alone  Walks up and down stairs holding onto support ```

2 years

 Can ride a tricycle  Expresses affection openly  Sorts objects by shape and colour

3 years

 Cooperates with other children  Uses scissors  Walks up and down stairs without support

4 years

 Dresses and undresses without help |  Uses a fork, spoon, and (sometimes) a knife to eat

5 years

Growth charts produced by the _________________ are used by medical professionals to see if children are developing properly.

Centre for Disease Control (CDC)

Prefix: not, without, (having) no

a, an

Prefix: within

endo, ento, end, ent

Prefix: over, excessive

hyper

Prefix: below, less than normal

hypo

Suffix: pertaining to, like

ac, iac

Suffix: (t)ic

also pertaining to, like

Suffix: like, having the shape of

oid

Suffix: to make, to do something with, to subject to

ize

Suffix: science of, systematic study of

ology

Suffix: surgical removal of (act of cutting out)

ectomy

Suffix: condition of the blood, congestion of blood in

emia

Suffix: inflammation of, inflammatory disease of

itis

Suffix: tumor of, swelling containing, diseased condition of, result of

oma