Test #1 Flashcards
causation + the scientific study of something =
etiology (eti+ology)
Name some common triggers for depression
Work/academic stress Genetic predisposition Traumatic events Romantic Problems Familial problems
This type of condition develops or worsens over time, as in artherosclerosis
Chronic
In this type of condition, conditions appear or change, or worsen rapidly, as in a heart attack
Acute
Any perceptible change in the body or function that indicates disease or pathology. It is considered to be subjective, meaning the information is based on the patient’s personal perception of what they are feeling.
Symptom
Objective indicators of a disease, a manifestation that is noted by an observer.
Sign
prevalence of disease + the scientific study of something =
Epidemiology (Epidemia + ology)
All cases / population at risk =
Prevalance
New cases / population at risk =
Incidence
Aids in removing soil
Cleaner
Reduces number of bacteria
Sanitizer
Kills fungi, bacteria and viruses
Disinfectant
Eliminates all bacteria, bacteria, fungus and spores
Sterilant
Health organization whose primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations system.
World Health Organization
The decision-making body of the WHO, comprised of health ministers from member states, who determine the WHO’s policies and approve the programme budget (where is it held?)
World Health Assembly (Geneva, Switzerland)
This health organization describes social determinants of health (SDOH) as the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.
Healthy People 2030
This is the main Government of Canada agency responsible for public health in Canada
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
(T/F) Under the Canadian constitution, health care
falls largely under the authority of the provinces.
Only provincial government have the power to
pass laws governing the financing and delivery
of health services to the majority of Canadians.
True
Ontario’s public health programs have 3 main focuses:
- prevention
- screening
- education
Public Health in Ontario is under the responsibility of the
Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
Public health programs are delivered across the province by 36 ______________. A _____________ is a government health agency. They are set up by one or more municipalities to provide community health programs (e.g. Toronto Public Health). These programs are carried out by full-time, specially qualified staff.
Public health unit
Each public health unit is run by a __________, who reports to a local board of health. The board is largely made up of elected representatives from the local municipal councils. The ministry shares the cost of public health programs with the municipalities.
medical officer of health
Defined as an interruption, cessation or disorder of a body system or organ structure that is characterized by a recognized etiologic agent, an identifiable group of sign and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations.
Disease
Study of the disease process affecting the physiological functions of the body.
Pathophysiology
the study of the nature and cause of disease, which
involves changes in structures and function
Pathology
A disease or abnormal condition can involve _________ changes at the organ or system level, and/or microscopic changes at the cellular level.
gross
To establish the cause of a disease, pathology laboratory studies will perform a ______ on living tissue, during which a small amount tissue is excised and then examined. After death, this procedure is referred to as a _________ (aka post-mortem examination).
biopsy, autopsy
_____________concerns the causative factors in a particular disease. There may be one or many causative factors.
Etiology
Name 4 Etiology agents
- Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
- Physical trauma: trauma, burns, radiation
- Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol.
- Nutritional excesses and deficits
Disease present at birth
Congenital disorder
Disease that surfaces later in life
Aquired
When the cause of disease is unknown, it is termed ___________
Idiopathic
When a treatment, a procedure, or an error may cause a disease, it is described as ______________ e.g. urinary bladder infection following urinary catheterization.
iatrogenic
Risk factors aka ________ indicate a risk for a disease.
predisposing factors
A _________________ is an element that causes or contributes to the occurrence of a disorder, (i.e. a trigger), versus causing the disorder itself, such as something that initiates a seizure in an individual with seizure disorder.
precipitating factor
_______________ of disease is closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease.
Prevention
_____________ prevention:
Remove risk factors
Vaccination, safety equipment, staying active and fit
Primary
______________Prevention:
Detects disease early when it’s still asymptomatic and treatment
measures can affect a cure or stop it from progressing (screening)
E.g. Pap test, mammogram, blood test
Secondary
______________Prevention:
Clinical intervention to prevent further deterioration or reduce the
complications of disease once it has been diagnosed.
E.g. the use of beta-adrenergic drugs to reduce the risk of death in persons who have had a heart attack, stents, splints, physiotherapy, insulin for diabetics, etc.
Tertiary
____________ refers to the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiological agent until the ultimate expression of disease, e.g. atherosclerosis leading to coronary artery disease (CAD)
Pathogenisis
The course or progress of a
disease may be marked by _________ and __________.
remissions and exacerbations
A __________________ exists in those conditions where pathological changes occur, but no obvious manifestations (minimal symptoms), are exhibited by the patient perhaps because of great reserve capacity of an organ (e.g. kidney damage progressing to renal failure without being noticed).
subclinical state
An initial latent or silent stage of disease; a time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs and symptoms. Time period is variable and disease agent is communicable during this period.
Incubation period
The time in the early development of disease when body is undergoing changes but signs and symptoms are non-specific e.g. fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, fever, etc.
Prodromal period
Appearance of more specific signs and symptoms (period of illness and decline of disease).
Acute stage/Clinical stage
Stage of disease in which individual harbors an organism but does not have an active infection. This person can transmit infection to others.
Convalescent or Carrier stage
Stage in which total elimination of pathogen without residual S/S of disease.
Resolution stage
The manifestations of a disease are the clinical evidence of effect (aka clinical manifestations). These manifestations can be _______ (found at the site of the problem) or _______ (involving multiple organ systems of the body)
local, systemic
True/false: Signs/Symptoms (S/S) may be related to the primary disorder or they may represent the body’s attempt to compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition; usually occurs together in response to certain conditions.
True
A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ; these S/S occurring together indicate the presence of a specific disorder, e.g. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
Syndrome
Refers to the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem e.g. bacterial pneumonia
Diagnosis
Secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins e.g. development of congestive heart failure following a heart attack. In massage therapy, we take into consideration compensatory factors/changes, e.g. an ankle sprain may cause hip issues, due to limping.
Complications
The potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition (disease or injury), such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke, depression following a traumatic injury etc.; an after-effect or consequence
Sequelae
Treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow progress of a disease. These measures include:
Drug therapy
Surgery
Physiotherapy
Complementary practices (e.g. MASSAGE!)
Therapy or therapeutic interventions
The period of recovery and return to the normal health state. This period may last for several days or months.
Convalescence (rehabilitation)
The likelihood of recovery, partial recovery, or other outcomes.
Probability
The disease rates within a group. It is sometimes used to indicate the functional impairment that certain conditions, such as stroke, cause within a population.
Morbidity
The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease.
Mortality
Either existing cases or newly diagnosed cases within a
given period.
Disease cases
T/F: Both incidence and prevalence are
always reported as rates i.e. cases per 100 or per 100,000.
True
When there are higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area.
Epidemic
higher number of cases in many regions of the globe.
Pandemic
Infections that can spread from one person to another.
Communicable disease
This type of disease must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities - in Ontario, the Medical Officer of Health in the local public health unit - to prevent further spread of the disease.
Cases requiring notification or reportable disease
progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention
Natural History/Progression
Study of _____________can be used to:
1. determine disease outcome
2. establish priorities for health care services
3. determine the effects of screening and early detection programs on
disease outcomes
4. compare results of new treatments with the expected outcome without treatment
5. study prognosis, refers to the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease; can be designated as chances for full recovery, possibility of complications, or anticipated survival time; prognosis is often presented in relation to treatment options.
natural history
72 hours after conception, mass of cells form (12-16 cells) AKA _________(mulberry)
morula
3-6 days after conception, Morula enters the uterus, divides into 2 parts:
blastocyst: 1. Trophoblasts make up outer border (placenta) 2. Embryoblasts make up inner mass
A baby born in the 35th week is considered premature by ______ instead of __________
date instead of weight
What is considered ideal birth weight?
3-4 kg (6.6 lbs-8.8 lbs)
Test used to evaluate the health of the newborn
AGPAR Appearance (skin colour) Grimace response(reflexes) Pulse (heart rate) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration (breathing rate and effort)
Partial or full paralysis of the arm, often
accompanied by loss of sensation
Erb’s palsy
Paralysis of the forearm and hand (rare in
babies)
Klumpke’s Palsy
Issue defined by “rule of three”, symptoms appear more than 3 hours/day, 3 days a week, for 3
weeks.
Colic
Large period of growth and development
Locomotion, coordinated movement
Language
Early Childhood: 12 months – 4 years old
Coordinated movement continues to develop
Language skills, problem-solving ability continues to develop
Middle to Late Childhood: 5-12 years old
Puberty/sexual maturation
Growth spurt in girls from 9-14 years old, (2
years ahead of boys)
Boys growth sp
Adolescence: 11-12 years old to 18-21 years old - “teenage years”
Common concerns in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Injury Suicide Cancer Risky sexual behaviour/pregnancy Substance abuse
adolescence
Common Health problems in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_t: Skin and tissue changes Stature and musculoskeletal function Sarcopenia & osteoporosis
Older Adult: 65 years and older
Begins to babble
Brings hand to mouth
First smile
3 months
Babbles chains of sounds Can tell emotions by tone of voice Develops full colour vision Responds to own name Transfers object from hand to hand
7 months
Bangs two objects together Crawls forward on belly Cries when parent leaves Finds objects even when hidden under two or three covers Finger feeds him/herself Reaches sitting position without help Responds to “no” Able to say simple words (e.g. “dada” “mama”) Walks holding onto furniture
1 year
Begins make-believe play Begins to run Begins to show defiant behaviour Begins to sort by shapes and colours Says 2-4 word sentences Turns over container to pour out contents Walks alone Walks up and down stairs holding onto support
2 years
Can ride a tricycle
Expresses affection openly
Sorts objects by shape and colour
3 years
Cooperates with other children
Uses scissors
Walks up and down stairs without support
4 years
Dresses and undresses without help
Uses a fork, spoon, and (sometimes) a knife to eat
5 years
Growth charts produced by the _________________ are used by medical professionals to see if children are developing properly.
Centre for Disease Control (CDC)
Prefix: not, without, (having) no
a, an
Prefix: within
endo, ento, end, ent
Prefix: over, excessive
hyper
Prefix: below, less than normal
hypo
Suffix: pertaining to, like
ac, iac
Suffix: (t)ic
also pertaining to, like
Suffix: like, having the shape of
oid
Suffix: to make, to do something with, to subject to
ize
Suffix: science of, systematic study of
ology
Suffix: surgical removal of (act of cutting out)
ectomy
Suffix: condition of the blood, congestion of blood in
emia
Suffix: inflammation of, inflammatory disease of
itis
Suffix: tumor of, swelling containing, diseased condition of, result of
oma
