Class #3 Cellular Adaptation, Injury and Death

Question 1

Necessary genes for normal function of the cell

Answer 1

Housekeeping genes

Question 2

Genes that determine the differentiating characteristics of a particular cell type.

Answer 2

Differentiating genes

Question 3

The physiologic changes in the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems that occur in response to either real or perceived challenges to homeostasis.

Answer 3

Allostasis

Question 4

Refers to decrease in cell size. It occurs in response to decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions. Cells revert to a smaller size and a lower and more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival.

Answer 4

Atrophy

Question 5

Causes of atrophy are grouped into 5 categories:

Answer 5

1. Disuse; e.g. in skeletal muscles
2. Denervation; form of disuse atrophy that occur in muscles of paralyzed limb
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation; loss of estrogens in menopausal women lead to atrophic changes in the uterus
4. Inadequate nutrition; atrophic changes seen in malnutrition
5. Ischemia or decrease blood flow; cell decreases their size and energy requirement as a means of survival.

Question 6

Refers to increase in cell size with an increase in the amount in functioning tissue mass. Results from an increased workload imposed on an organ or body part.

Answer 6

Hypertrophy

Question 7

Hypertrophy is commonly seen in __________and __________ tissue which cannot form more
cells by mitotic division.

Answer 7

skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

Question 8

Thickening of the urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow is an example of:

Answer 8

Adaptive Hypertrophy

Question 9

Valvular heart disease or hypertension may result in:

Answer 9

Myocardial hypertrophy

Question 10

Enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue after a portion has been removed or rendered inactive e.g. of the only remaining kidney.

Answer 10

Compensatory hypertrophy

Question 11

Refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Answer 11

Hyperplasia

Question 12

Two common types of Physiological hyperplasia:

Answer 12

1. Hormonal – e.g. breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy as a result of estrogen stimulation
2. Compensatory – e.g. the regeneration of liver that occurs after a partial hepatectomy (partial removal of the liver); hyperplasia of connective tissue during wound healing

Question 13

Refers to reversible changes in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type due to reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing changes.

Answer 13

Metaplasia

Question 14

An example of metaplasia is adaptive replacement of columnar epithelial cells by stratified squamous epithelial cells in the trachea and large airways of a habitual ______________

Answer 14

cigarette smoker.

Question 15

Refers to deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization.

Answer 15

Dysplasia

Question 16

Refers to a change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other that is characterized by a loss of cell differentiation, as in cancerous cell growth.

Answer 16

Anaplasia

Question 17

Disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then phagocytised by other cells.

Answer 17

Programmed Cell Death

Question 18

highly selective process that eliminates injured and aged cells, thereby controlling tissue regeneration.

Answer 18

Apoptosis

Question 19

Two patterns of Reversible / Sub-lethal Cell Injury are observable:

Answer 19

Cellular Swelling and Intracellular accumulation

Question 20

Glycogen, bilirubin, coal, dust, and silica are endogenous, exogenous sources of

Answer 20

Intracellular accumulation

Question 21

Refers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of living tissue

Answer 21

Necrosis

Question 22

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Answer 22

Hypertrophy is increase in cell size.

Hyperplasia is increase in cell number.

Question 23

Type of reversible/sub-lethal cell injury which usually occurs as the result of hypoxic cell injury (e.g. ischemia, virus, bacteria, chemical and biological toxins, extreme heat or cold, etc)

Answer 23

Cellular swelling

Question 24

Disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then phagocytised by other cells is called ____________

Answer 24

Programmed cell death aka apoptosis

Question 25

The number of cells in tissues is regulated by ____________

Answer 25

cell death.

Question 26

Apoptosis is highly selective process that eliminates _______________, thereby controlling tissue regeneration.

Answer 26

injured and aged cells

Question 27

__________ is responsible for many physiological processes, including:
 Programmed destruction of cells during embryonic development
 Hormone dependent involution of tissues
 Death of immune cells

Answer 27

Apoptosis

Question 28

Apoptosis is linked to many pathological processes and diseases such as (3 points):

Answer 28

 Carcinogenesis
 Viral infections such as hepatitis B and C that cause cell death
 Neurodegenerative disorders, e.g. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and
ALS

Question 29

____________ refers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of living tissue

Answer 29

Necrosis

Question 30

Necrosis differs from apoptosis in that it involves (4 points):

Answer 30

 Unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components
 Loss of cell membrane integrity
 Initiation of inflammatory response
 Interference with cell replacement and tissue regeneration

Question 31

___________ occurs when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis (usually due to deficient or absent blood supply)

Answer 31

Gangrene

Question 32

Causes of aging are explained by a number of theories (4 points):

Answer 32

1. Evolutionary theory: aging is a consequence of natural selection
2. Molecular theory: aging occurs as a result of gene expression
3. Cellular theory: aging occurs as a result of free radical damage or apoptosis
4. System theory: cellular aging occurs due to a decline in the integrative functions of organ systems such as the neuroendocrine and immunological systems

Question 33

________________ is not illness – it is a shrinkage of reserves, in real terms, but alsobecause the body is using more of its reserve capacities to function in everyday life.

Answer 33

Homeostenosis

Question 34

The most common cause of cell injury. Caused by a lack of oxygen, respiratory disease, ischemia, anemia, physical or pathological injury to the oxygen delivery method

Answer 34

Hypoxia

Question 35

Cell swelling, denaturation of enzymes, chromosome clumping, autolysis, and coagulative necrosis, are outcomes of

Answer 35

Hypoxia

Question 36

Decreased O2 → impaired oxidative metabolism → decreased ATP = cell swelling. OR: anaerobic metabolism → increased lactic acid → decrease pH are the effects of

Answer 36

Hypoxia

Question 37

Common causes of injuries due to environmental exposure, occupational and transportation accidents, and physical violence and assault.

Answer 37

Injury from Physical Agents

Question 38

Mechanical forces, extremes in temperature and electrical injuries are examples of

Answer 38

Injury from Physical Agents

Question 39

Type of radiation injury that removes electrons from atoms and molecules and can immediately kill cells,
interrupt cell replication, or cause a variety of genetic mutations, which may or may not be lethal.

Answer 39

Ionizing radiation

Question 40

Which type of radiation is used in cancer treatments.

Answer 40

Ionizing radiation

Question 41

Which cells are most vulnerable to ionizing radiation?

Answer 41

gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, cells with high mitotic activity

Question 42

Radiation in the ultraviolet band which at lower energies (left side of ultraviolet) is called non-ionizing radiation, while higher energies to the right side of the
ultraviolet band is called ionizing radiation.

Answer 42

Ultraviolet radiation

Question 43

Which type of radiation causes sunburn and increases the risk of skin cancers

Answer 43

ultraviolet radiation

Question 44

T/F: UV radiation damages DNA.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Type of radiation that includes infrared light, ultrasound, microwave, and laser energy

Answer 45

Non-ionizing radiation

Question 46

Effect of this type of radiation is produced by causing vibration and rotation of atoms and molecules (causing hyperthermia)

Answer 46

Non-ionizing radiation

Question 47

______________ can injure the cell membrane and other cell structure, block enzymatic pathways, coagulate cell proteins and disrupt the osmotic and ionic balance of the cell.

Answer 47

Chemical agents

Question 48

Examples of __________ include:

a. Drugs
b. Lead toxicity
c. Mercury toxicity

Answer 48

Chemical Injury

Question 49

_______ differ from other injurious agents in that they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects.

Answer 49

Biological agents