Terpens

Question 1

Resins

Answer 1

• A mixture of terpenoid molecules and other aromatic compounds that combine to form a solid or semi-solid substance that is excreted by plants for protection or in response to injury.
• The solid/semi-sold portion of resins are often di- and triterpenes, and the aromatic portion is commonly made up of mono- and sesquiterpenes.
• The aromatic components can be distilled from the heavier resinous components

Question 2

Gum Resins

Answer 2

resins with polysaccharide components as well as volitile oils heavier terpenes

Question 3

Triterpenes

Answer 3

• 30 carbon skeleton
• usu pentacyclic ( 5ring)
• usu occurs as water soluble saponins
• aglycones are oil soluble
• precurcors to plant steroids

Question 4

what plants contain triterpenes

Answer 4

rosemary
thyme
lavender
hawthorn
olive etc

Question 5

triterpenoid saponins

Answer 5

• 30c

- the aglycone is lipophilic, but the sugars are hydrophilic, making an amphipathic molecule

Question 6

triterpene glycoside

Answer 6

One of a group of triterpene glycosides in Actea racemosa
Bound to a xylose glycone
Have anti-estrogenic and pro-apoptotic effect on breast cancer cells
Not a classic phytoestrogen – does not sit in an estrogen receptor

Question 7

steroidal saponins

Answer 7

27-carbon skeleton
Have multiple sugar units attached (usually 3-5)
Many anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic molecules in this class.
The suffix “-genin” denotes the aglycone

Question 8

phytosterols

Answer 8

Tetracyclic
Act in plant cell membranes like cholesterol in animal cell membranes.
Plant growth regulators
Found in plant oils and lipophilic extracts

Question 9

Cardiac Glycosides

Answer 9

Tetracyclic sterol skeleton with an additional 5-membered lactone ring attached to the aglycone.
Cardioactive substances from plants such as Digitalis spp. and Convallaria spp.

Question 10

Tetraterpenes (carotenoids)

Answer 10

40-carbon chains
Lipophilic, multiple conjugated double bonds
Terminal cyclic structures
Various carotenoids concentrate in tissues providing antioxidant protection - - example: lutein and zeaxanthin concentrate in the macula giving it a yellow color.
Lycopene is the precursor molecule

Question 11

Xanthophylls

Answer 11

• oxygenated carotenoids

- they have ketone, hydroxyl, and epoxide groups on their rings

Question 12

Alkaloids

Answer 12

• Nitrogenous molecules – the nitrogen is often contained in a heterocyclic ring.
• Occur as salts or N-oxides in plants.
• Have an alkaline nature.
• Soluble in hydroethanolic menstrum

Question 13

Alkaloids- list them

Answer 13

• nonheterocycles
• pyridine
• piperidine
• pyrrolizine
• indole
• Quinoline
• isoquinoline
• purine/ methylxantines
• tropane

Question 14

nonheterocyclic amines

Answer 14

cyclic structure but the nitrogen is not in the cycle

Question 15

Methylxanthine

Answer 15

AKA purine alkaloids

Question 16

Pyridine Alkaloids

Answer 16

based on pridine

• nicotine
• trigonelline

Question 17

pyrrolizidine

Answer 17

• pyrrole base
• 2 of these based are cyclic with a chared nitrogen
• Necine system

Question 18

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

Answer 18

• Found in Symphytum officinale, Tussilago farfara, Petasites spp.
• Potentially hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic
• PAs that are saturated at the 1,2 position of the necine ring are nontoxic.
• The macrocyclic and mono and diesters have varying degrees of toxicity.

Question 19

inulin

Answer 19

an oligosaccharide
Sources: onions, garlic, artichoke, dandelion, burdock, chicory (up to 80%)
Named for Inula helenium
Prebiotic
Soluble fiber

Question 20

Topane Alkaloids

Answer 20

low dose crazy confirmation

Question 21

Pectin

Answer 21

Heteropolysaccharides that can trap water in a 3-D structure.
Soluble fiber
Helical galacturonic acid back bone with varying sugar side groups

Question 22

Mucilage

Answer 22

Form gels or slime with water.
Found in Althea officinalis, Ulmus fulva
Generally soothing and emollient
Significant crossover between mucilages and immunomodulating polysaccharides.

Question 23

Immunomodulating polysaccharides

Answer 23

Complex mixtures of heteropolysaccharides and polysaccharide protein complexes that effect the function of the immune system.
The studied modes of action vary from stimulation of hematopoiesis to increasing production of various cytokines

-Common names of Ips
Arabinogalactans
Acemannans – acetylated mannans
PSI, PSII, PS-K
beta-Glucans