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Botanical Medicine > Bod med final > Flashcards

Bod med final Flashcards

1
Q

What were the guiding principles of the Eclectic physicians?

A

Safe botanical remedies, moderation in the use of drugs & surgeries, exclusions of chemical poisons

Holistic evaluation: pulse, tongue, complexion evaluation, temperature, nervous tone, elimination, nutrition

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2
Q

What are some of the obstacles, past and present, to the promotion and preservation of the practice of herbalism in our society?

A
  • Herbalism & witchcraft were synonymous – women killed, lost knowledge
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3
Q

What features define the Naturopathic Herbalist?

A
  • Physician educated in biomechanical sciences
  • Gather knowledge of plants used around the world
  • Incorporate historical uses w/ modern clinical info & scientific studies
  • Understand phytochemistry in the context of whole plant medicine
  • Employ a knowledge of the energetics of herbal medicines to match specific indications to constitution and/or predicament of patient
  • Use multiple therapies to preserve wellness & treat illness (nutrition, homeopathy, physical medicine)
  • Physician + herbalist + botanist
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4
Q

Specific indication

A
  • qualities of a remedy that separate it from others in its class of medicinal action – describes symptom picture for which that remedy is most indicated
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5
Q

Understand herbal energetics and tissue states

A

Hot/cold, tense/lax, dry/damp

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6
Q

Define alterative.

A
  • Herb that alters body in non-specific but broadly beneficial way
  • Traditional conceived as “blood purifier” or “blood cleanser”
    Nourishing restorative tonics
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7
Q

Compare and contrast alterative and depurative

A
  • Alterative: nourishing tonics that have broadly beneficial effect on the body & that slowly & steadily support return to healthy state
    Depurative: more specific action of cleansing a particular organ or system (stimulating the emunctory)
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8
Q

What are the indications for using an alterative?

A
  • Generalized/chronic dysfunction, digestive/eliminatory/circulatory hypofunction, maldigestion, hormonal imbalance, toxemia, acne, chronic infections, chronic inflammation
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9
Q

Trifolium pratense

A
  • Red Clover
  • Traditionally used as liver herb, lymphagogue properties, high in phytoestrogens (good for hormonal imbalance)
  • Hoxey formula
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10
Q

Rumex spp

A
  • Yellow Dock, Curly Dock

- Liver tonic, digestive system (mild laxative, somewhat bitter, astringent tones gut tissue)

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11
Q

Mahonia spp

A
  • Oregon Grape, Barberry, Mahonia

- Supports liver as emunctory – berberine in inner root bark, gentle hepatic herb

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12
Q

Smilax spp

A
  • Sarsaparilla

- Alterative for balancing sex hormones

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13
Q

Arctium lappa

A
  • Burdock

- Supports skin as emunctory – good for skin conditions (eczema

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14
Q

Curcuma longa

A
  • Turmeric

- Anti-inflammatory, NF-kappa-B

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15
Q

Urtica dioica

A
  • Stinging Nettles

- Liver, anti-inflammatory, nourishing

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16
Q

Roots

A

fibrous
taproot
adventitious

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17
Q

Stems

A

rhizomes and corms are modified stems

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18
Q

Leaves

A 
alternate
opposite
whorled
simple vs. compound, palmate
oveolate
lancate
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19
Q

Flowers

A

stamen (anther, filament), carpel (stigma, style, ovary), review inflorescence

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20
Q

How are nutritive herbs different from synthetic multivitamins?

A
  • Looking at whole plant vs. concentrated constituents
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21
Q

Medicago sativa

A

¥ alfalfa

o Phytoestrogen content

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22
Q

Equisetum arvense

A
  • horsetail

- High in silica – tonifying to connective tissue esp. bone, diuretic (urinary tract formulas)

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23
Q

Centella asiatica

A
  • Gotu Kola

- Nourishing, vulnerary, nervine, trophorestorative for connective tissues – modulates deposition of collagen

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24
Q

Avena sativa

A
  • Oat Straw

- Milky oat seed, trophorestorative of nervous system

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25
Q

Urtica spp

A
  • Nettle
  • Leaf: anti-inflammatory
  • Root: astringent, used for BPH
  • Seed: trophorestorative of the kidney
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26
Q

What is a lymphagogue?

A
  • Promotes lymph flow
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27
Q

What are the general indications for the use of lymphagogues?

A
  • Relieve congestion of areas (edema), resolve infection/inflammation (get rid of waste products)
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28
Q

Ceanothus americanus

A
  • Red Root

- Specificity in lungs, pelvic lymphagogue, astringent, stimulating

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29
Q

Gallium aparine

A
  • Cleavers

- Urinary lymphagogue, tonsillitis

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30
Q

Phytolacca americana

A
  • Poke Root
  • LOW DOSE
  • Pharyngitis, hard/painful glandular swellings, traditionally used for mastitis
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31
Q

Calendula officinalis

A
  • Calendula

- Lymphagogue of breast, safe for breast-feeding (vs. Phytolacca)

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32
Q

Styllingia sylvatica

A
  • Queen’s Root
  • LOW DOSE
  • Red, dry, irritated mucous membranes - laryngitis
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33
Q

Echinacea spp

A
  • Echinacea

- Tingly quality on tongue = stimulating as lymphagogue

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34
Q
  • Trifolium pratense ( lymph)
A
  • Red Clover

- Alterative, lymphagogue for liver

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35
Q

Know the difference between immunostimulants and immunomodulators.

A
  • Immunostimulants: increase activity of immune system – good for fighting off infectious organism, not for use with autoimmune diseases
  • Immunomodulators: tonifying effect, more gradual in action, building/fortifying, can downregulate/cool immune hyperfunction
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36
Q
  • Echinacea spp.
A
  • Dose-dependent, can take huge doses, safe in pregnancy

- E. purpurea (lymphagogue), E. angustifolia (Eclectics used for septicemia), E. pallida (vulnerary)

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37
Q

Eupatorium perfoliatum

A
  • Boneset

- Viral infections, pain sets into the bone

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38
Q

Astragalus membranaceaus

A
  • Miracle soup, gentle builder, supports tissue integrity
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39
Q

Andrographis paniculata

A

Bitter, cooling

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40
Q

Sambucus nigra

A

o Flowers and berries used
o Berries – antiviral
o Flowers are more diaphoretic, used more for cough (expectorant)

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41
Q

Baptisia tinctora

A
  • Wild Indigo
  • LOW DOSE – strongly stimulating action
  • Antiseptic
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42
Q

Trametes versicolor

A
  • Turkey Tail

- Anticancer

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43
Q

Grifola frondosa

A
  • Maitake

- Antiviral

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44
Q

Ganoderma lucidum

A

¥ Reishi

o Atopic constitution, cardiac uses: decrease cholesterol/arrhythmia

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45
Q

What are the defining features of an adaptogen?

A
  • Produces non-specific response in organism – Increase in power of resistance against multiple stressors
  • Has normalizing influence on physiology
46
Q

Eletherococcus senticosis

A

¥ Siberian ginseng

¥ Mild CNS stimulant, fortifying, helps attenuate hangover

47
Q

Panax ginseng

A

¥ – Asian ginseng

¥ Strengthens/tonifies qi, weakened state due to chronic illness/stress

48
Q

Panax quinquifolium

A

¥ American ginseng

¥ More calming – nervous dyspepsia, mental exhaustion (nervine adaptogen)

49
Q

Oplopanax horridus

A

¥ Devil’s club

Used drop-wise to have people establish protection for themselves (shame, embarrassment

50
Q

Withania somnifera

A

¥ – Ashwaganda

¥ Sleep formulas, reduce cortisol excess

51
Q

Rhodiola rosea

A

¥ Rhodiola, Golden Root
¥ Wild card herb (varying reactions), improves memory/learning ability, high stress situations, high altitude, neurasthenia

52
Q

Schisandra chinensis

A

¥ Schisandra, Wu wei zei

¥ Tonifying to lungs, protective to tissues

53
Q

Occimum sanctum

A

¥ Tulsi

¥ Made the rats swim the longest, most ergogenic adaptogen?

54
Q

Glycyrrhiza glabra

A

¥ – Licorice

¥ “Food of the adrenals”, harmonizer

55
Q

Cordyceps sinensis

A

¥ Caterpillar fungus

¥ Mitochondrial function, increases cellular oxygen, aphrodisiac

56
Q

Adaptogens listed calming to stimulating:

A
  • Calming: Withania, Panax quin,
  • Middle: Occimum, Tulsi, Schisandra, Glycyrrhiza
  • Stimulating: Rhodiola, Panax ginseng, Eleuthero, Cordyceps
  • Emotional realm: Oplopanax
57
Q

What is a nervine?
A sedative?
A hypnotic?
A nerve tonic?

A
  • Nervine: acts on nervous
  • Nerve tonic: improves tone & vigor or function of nerovous system
  • Sedative: relaxant – decreases stimulant to nervous system – calming effect
  • Hypnotic: stronger sedative – cause drowsiness – often anodyne effects
58
Q

Avena sativum

A

¥ - Milky Oat Seed

¥ Alcohol/drug recovery, mental alertness, prevent cognitive decline

59
Q

Scutellaria lateriflora

A

¥ Skullcap

¥ Anti-convulsant, stomachic

60
Q

Humulus lupulus

A

¥ - Hops

Sedative or hypnotic, sleep formulas, digestive bitter, cholegogue, mild laxative, antimicrobial

61
Q

Valeriana officinalis

A

¥ – Valerian

¥ GABA receptor activity, anticonvulsant, calms brain, benzo withdrawal

62
Q

Piper methysticum

A

¥ - Kava

¥ Fast-acting, acute anxiety relief, potential hepatotoxicity

63
Q

Melissa officinalis

A

¥ - Lemon Balm

¥ Uplifting, antidepressant, sedative

64
Q

Leonurus cardiaca

A

¥ –Motherwort

¥ Nervine sedative

65
Q

Hypericum perforatum

A

¥ - St. John’s Wort

¥ Antiviral, vulnerary, antidepressant, good for seasonal affective disorder, sunny disposition

66
Q

Passiflora incarnata

A

¥ Passion Flower

¥ Anxiolytic (good for GAD - slower acting than kava)

67
Q

Matricaria recutita

A

¥ – Chamomile

¥ Anxiolytic, antidepressant, stomachic

68
Q

Eschscholtzia californica

A

¥ California Poppy

¥ Antispasmodic, sedative – great for nervous kids/ADHD

69
Q

Develop a basic understanding of the complex actions of bitters, and how bitter herbs can be used therapeutically.

A
  • Receptors on tongue and oral mucosa stimulate saliva production
  • Receptors transmit signals to brain & stimulate digestive processes through vagal efferents
  • Bitter stimulus increases ghrelin, which increases & cycle of satiety
  • Increases CCK which stimulates secretion of bile and pancreastic juice
  • Stimulates motility
  • Anti-inflammatory to GI mucosa
  • Stimulate proliferation of mucosal cells
  • If something is bitter, its mildly laxative (increase secretions & motility)
70
Q

Define carminative, and understand how carminatives are used therapeutically.

A
  • Prevents formation of/relieves gas – improve digestion

- Mild antispasmodic effects

71
Q

Define demulcent, and understand how demulcents are used therapeutically.

A

Coating and soothing mucous membranes

72
Q

Gentiana lutea

A

¥ Gentian

o Quintessential bitter herb

73
Q

Citrus spp.

A

¥ – Citrus Peel

o Flavonoids of inner rind (white part) – not essential oil – drying, uplifting

74
Q

Artemesia vulgaris

A

¥ – Mugwort

75
Q

Artemesia absinthum –

A

¥ Wormwood
o Anthelminthic
o Avoid very high doses d/t thujone (volatile oil)

76
Q

Mahonia spp

A

¥ Oregon Grape

o Gentle digestive bitter – bitter alterative

77
Q

Foeniculum vulgare

A

¥ fennel

o Aromatic carminative

78
Q

Pimpinella anisum

A

anise

79
Q

Mentha piperita/spicata –

A

¥ – peppermint/spearmint

o Carminative, antispasmodic, anti-emetic

80
Q

Zingiber officinale

A

¥ – ginger

o Circulatory stimulant, carminative, warming, anti-emetic

81
Q

Matricaria recutita -

A

¥ chamomile

o Carminative, anti-inflammatory, vulnerary

82
Q

Angelica archangelica

A

¥ Angelica

Aromatic bitter, carminative, trophorestorative of digestive system

83
Q

Althea officinalis

A

¥ Marshmallow

84
Q

Ulmus spp

A

¥ Slippery Elm

85
Q

Glygyrrhiza spp

A

¥ Licorice Root

86
Q

Aloe spp.

A

¥ Aloe Gel

o Long chain polysaccharides, vulnerary (cooling for gastritis, ulcers)

87
Q

Trigonella foenum-greacum

A

¥ – Fenugreek

o Rich in mucilage

88
Q

Define cholegogue and choleretic.

A
  • Cholegogue: increasing excretion of bile

- Choleretic: increasing production of bile

89
Q

Cichorium intybus

A

¥ Chickory

¥ Bitter, substitute for coffee

90
Q

Chelidonium majus –

A

¥ Greater Celandine
¥ LOW DOSE – hepatotoxicity – unknown why
¥ Specific indication: spastic discomfort of bile duct & GI tract

91
Q

Chionanthus virginicus

A

¥ – Fringe Tree

¥ Cholegogue, choleretic, cathartic in high doses, diuretic, bitter, jaundice tx

92
Q

Curcuma longa

A

¥ Turmeric

93
Q

Cynara scolymus

A

¥ Artichoke Leaf

¥ Cholegogue, choleretic, bitter, tonifying, cholesterol-lowering

94
Q

Taraxicum officinale

A

¥ – Dandelion
¥ Root: Bitter digestive tonic, mild laxative (liver)
¥ Leaf: diuretic (kidney)

95
Q

Silybum marianum

A

¥ Milk Thistle

¥ Trophorestorative of liver, cholegogue, choleretic, flavano-lignans (for hepatoprotective effects), hepatitis

96
Q

What are the factors that effect the safety of botanical medicines?

A
  • Relative toxicity & concentration of compound in botanical
  • Presence of toxic compound in herb or solubility in preparation
  • Route of administration
  • Absorbability with oral consumption
  • Tenacity of compound to survive metabolism
  • Potential for compound to form more toxic compounds after metabolism
  • Potential for accumulation
  • Rate/effeciciency of excretion
97
Q

What is the mechanism that is common to most herb/drug interactions?

A
  • If herb would speed up or slow down the Cytochrome P450 enzymes that is breaking down drug
  • Either clear drug too fast or drug builds up
98
Q

¥ Symphytum officinale

A

¥ LOW DOSE

¥ Effective tx of pain if applied topically

99
Q

¥ Hypericum perforatum

A

¥ Burns

100
Q

¥ Plantago spp. – Plantain

A

¥ Parallel veination

101
Q

Stellaria media

A

¥ Chickweed

102
Q

Arnica spp

A

¥ Stimulant at tissue level – stimulates phagocytosis, helps prevent/resolve bruises/sprains/strains
¥ LOW DOSE
¥ Kind of like topical lymphagogue
¥ Helpful w/ pain

103
Q

circulatory herbs

A

warming & vasodilating (note: doesn’t mean inflammatory, most are anti-inflammatory) – drivers of formula, used to further the action of other herbs (i.e. adaptogens)

104
Q

Capsicum annuum -

A

Cayenne

105
Q

Ginkgo biloba

A

¥ Ginkgo
¥ Not hot – increases oxygenation to brain & periphery, supports integrity of microvasculature
Powerful antioxidant & anti-inflammatory properties, antithrombotic

106
Q

Piper nigrum

A

¥ Increases absorption of nutrients in gut, rubefacent

107
Q

Rosmarinus officinalis

A

¥ Rosemary

¥ Overall stimulant, very tonifying, CNS effects (increased cognition – rosemary for rememberence), hypertensive herb

108
Q

Zanthoxylum americanum –

A

¥ – Prickly Ash

¥ Decreases capillary engorgement, works well in lower doses combined w/ adaptogens

109
Q

Zingiber officinale -

A

Ginger

110
Q

What is a trophorestorative?

A
  • A nourishing, tissue-specific herb that is tonic in the deepest sense of the word
  • Safe over long period of use
  • Restores physical fxn to debilitated organ or organ system
111
Q

Be able to match the system to the trophorestorative herb below.

A
  • Avena sativa – nervous
  • Urtica dioica seed - kidney
  • Withania somnifera - endocrine
  • Arctium lappa – skin, Classic alterative for tx eczema, psoriasis, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, exanthems
  • Centella asiatica – connective tissue, Modulates scar formation, strengthens connective tissue (In the notes, she also has Equisetum arvense, horsetail, as a connective tissue trophorestorative)
  • Silybum marianum – liver
  • Crataegus spp. – heart, Anti-arrythmic, cardioprotective, cardiotonic, rehabilitative in CHF, anti-HTN, nutritious, rich in OPCs and flavonoids
  • Glycyrrhiza spp. - adrenals
  • Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) – eyes, May help prevent, neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy. Rich in anthocyanins – potent antioxidants
  • Bacopa monniera - brain

Botanical Medicine (7 decks)

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