Bod med final Flashcards
1
Q
What were the guiding principles of the Eclectic physicians?
A
Safe botanical remedies, moderation in the use of drugs & surgeries, exclusions of chemical poisons
Holistic evaluation: pulse, tongue, complexion evaluation, temperature, nervous tone, elimination, nutrition
2
Q
What are some of the obstacles, past and present, to the promotion and preservation of the practice of herbalism in our society?
A
- Herbalism & witchcraft were synonymous – women killed, lost knowledge
3
Q
What features define the Naturopathic Herbalist?
A
- Physician educated in biomechanical sciences
- Gather knowledge of plants used around the world
- Incorporate historical uses w/ modern clinical info & scientific studies
- Understand phytochemistry in the context of whole plant medicine
- Employ a knowledge of the energetics of herbal medicines to match specific indications to constitution and/or predicament of patient
- Use multiple therapies to preserve wellness & treat illness (nutrition, homeopathy, physical medicine)
- Physician + herbalist + botanist
4
Q
Specific indication
A
- qualities of a remedy that separate it from others in its class of medicinal action – describes symptom picture for which that remedy is most indicated
5
Q
Understand herbal energetics and tissue states
A
Hot/cold, tense/lax, dry/damp
6
Q
Define alterative.
A
- Herb that alters body in non-specific but broadly beneficial way
- Traditional conceived as “blood purifier” or “blood cleanser”
Nourishing restorative tonics
7
Q
Compare and contrast alterative and depurative
A
- Alterative: nourishing tonics that have broadly beneficial effect on the body & that slowly & steadily support return to healthy state
Depurative: more specific action of cleansing a particular organ or system (stimulating the emunctory)
8
Q
What are the indications for using an alterative?
A
- Generalized/chronic dysfunction, digestive/eliminatory/circulatory hypofunction, maldigestion, hormonal imbalance, toxemia, acne, chronic infections, chronic inflammation
9
Q
Trifolium pratense
A
- Red Clover
- Traditionally used as liver herb, lymphagogue properties, high in phytoestrogens (good for hormonal imbalance)
- Hoxey formula
10
Q
Rumex spp
A
- Yellow Dock, Curly Dock
- Liver tonic, digestive system (mild laxative, somewhat bitter, astringent tones gut tissue)
11
Q
Mahonia spp
A
- Oregon Grape, Barberry, Mahonia
- Supports liver as emunctory – berberine in inner root bark, gentle hepatic herb
12
Q
Smilax spp
A
- Sarsaparilla
- Alterative for balancing sex hormones
13
Q
Arctium lappa
A
- Burdock
- Supports skin as emunctory – good for skin conditions (eczema
14
Q
Curcuma longa
A
- Turmeric
- Anti-inflammatory, NF-kappa-B
15
Q
Urtica dioica
A
- Stinging Nettles
- Liver, anti-inflammatory, nourishing
16
Q
Roots
A
fibrous
taproot
adventitious
17
Q
Stems
A
rhizomes and corms are modified stems
18
Q
Leaves
A
alternate opposite whorled simple vs. compound, palmate oveolate lancate
19
Q
Flowers
A
stamen (anther, filament), carpel (stigma, style, ovary), review inflorescence
20
Q
How are nutritive herbs different from synthetic multivitamins?
A
- Looking at whole plant vs. concentrated constituents
21
Q
Medicago sativa
A
¥ alfalfa
o Phytoestrogen content
22
Q
Equisetum arvense
A
- horsetail
- High in silica – tonifying to connective tissue esp. bone, diuretic (urinary tract formulas)
23
Q
Centella asiatica
A
- Gotu Kola
- Nourishing, vulnerary, nervine, trophorestorative for connective tissues – modulates deposition of collagen
24
Q
Avena sativa
A
- Oat Straw
- Milky oat seed, trophorestorative of nervous system
25
Urtica spp
- Nettle
- Leaf: anti-inflammatory
- Root: astringent, used for BPH
- Seed: trophorestorative of the kidney
26
What is a lymphagogue?
- Promotes lymph flow
27
What are the general indications for the use of lymphagogues?
- Relieve congestion of areas (edema), resolve infection/inflammation (get rid of waste products)
28
Ceanothus americanus
- Red Root
| - Specificity in lungs, pelvic lymphagogue, astringent, stimulating
29
Gallium aparine
- Cleavers
| - Urinary lymphagogue, tonsillitis
30
Phytolacca americana
- Poke Root
- LOW DOSE
- Pharyngitis, hard/painful glandular swellings, traditionally used for mastitis
31
Calendula officinalis
- Calendula
| - Lymphagogue of breast, safe for breast-feeding (vs. Phytolacca)
32
Styllingia sylvatica
- Queen’s Root
- LOW DOSE
- Red, dry, irritated mucous membranes - laryngitis
33
Echinacea spp
- Echinacea
| - Tingly quality on tongue = stimulating as lymphagogue
34
- Trifolium pratense ( lymph)
- Red Clover
| - Alterative, lymphagogue for liver
35
Know the difference between immunostimulants and immunomodulators.
- Immunostimulants: increase activity of immune system – good for fighting off infectious organism, not for use with autoimmune diseases
- Immunomodulators: tonifying effect, more gradual in action, building/fortifying, can downregulate/cool immune hyperfunction
36
- Echinacea spp.
- Dose-dependent, can take huge doses, safe in pregnancy
| - E. purpurea (lymphagogue), E. angustifolia (Eclectics used for septicemia), E. pallida (vulnerary)
37
Eupatorium perfoliatum
- Boneset
| - Viral infections, pain sets into the bone
38
Astragalus membranaceaus
- Miracle soup, gentle builder, supports tissue integrity
39
Andrographis paniculata
Bitter, cooling
40
Sambucus nigra
o Flowers and berries used
o Berries – antiviral
o Flowers are more diaphoretic, used more for cough (expectorant)
41
Baptisia tinctora
- Wild Indigo
- LOW DOSE – strongly stimulating action
- Antiseptic
42
Trametes versicolor
- Turkey Tail
| - Anticancer
43
Grifola frondosa
- Maitake
| - Antiviral
44
Ganoderma lucidum
¥ Reishi
| o Atopic constitution, cardiac uses: decrease cholesterol/arrhythmia
45
What are the defining features of an adaptogen?
- Produces non-specific response in organism – Increase in power of resistance against multiple stressors
- Has normalizing influence on physiology
46
Eletherococcus senticosis
¥ Siberian ginseng
| ¥ Mild CNS stimulant, fortifying, helps attenuate hangover
47
Panax ginseng
¥ – Asian ginseng
| ¥ Strengthens/tonifies qi, weakened state due to chronic illness/stress
48
Panax quinquifolium
¥ American ginseng
| ¥ More calming – nervous dyspepsia, mental exhaustion (nervine adaptogen)
49
Oplopanax horridus
¥ Devil’s club
| Used drop-wise to have people establish protection for themselves (shame, embarrassment
50
Withania somnifera
¥ – Ashwaganda
| ¥ Sleep formulas, reduce cortisol excess
51
Rhodiola rosea
¥ Rhodiola, Golden Root
¥ Wild card herb (varying reactions), improves memory/learning ability, high stress situations, high altitude, neurasthenia
52
Schisandra chinensis
¥ Schisandra, Wu wei zei
| ¥ Tonifying to lungs, protective to tissues
53
Occimum sanctum
¥ Tulsi
| ¥ Made the rats swim the longest, most ergogenic adaptogen?
54
Glycyrrhiza glabra
¥ – Licorice
| ¥ “Food of the adrenals”, harmonizer
55
Cordyceps sinensis
¥ Caterpillar fungus
| ¥ Mitochondrial function, increases cellular oxygen, aphrodisiac
56
Adaptogens listed calming to stimulating:
- Calming: Withania, Panax quin,
- Middle: Occimum, Tulsi, Schisandra, Glycyrrhiza
- Stimulating: Rhodiola, Panax ginseng, Eleuthero, Cordyceps
- Emotional realm: Oplopanax
57
What is a nervine?
A sedative?
A hypnotic?
A nerve tonic?
- Nervine: acts on nervous
- Nerve tonic: improves tone & vigor or function of nerovous system
- Sedative: relaxant – decreases stimulant to nervous system – calming effect
- Hypnotic: stronger sedative – cause drowsiness – often anodyne effects
58
Avena sativum
¥ - Milky Oat Seed
| ¥ Alcohol/drug recovery, mental alertness, prevent cognitive decline
59
Scutellaria lateriflora
¥ Skullcap
| ¥ Anti-convulsant, stomachic
60
Humulus lupulus
¥ - Hops
| Sedative or hypnotic, sleep formulas, digestive bitter, cholegogue, mild laxative, antimicrobial
61
Valeriana officinalis
¥ – Valerian
| ¥ GABA receptor activity, anticonvulsant, calms brain, benzo withdrawal
62
Piper methysticum
¥ - Kava
| ¥ Fast-acting, acute anxiety relief, potential hepatotoxicity
63
Melissa officinalis
¥ - Lemon Balm
| ¥ Uplifting, antidepressant, sedative
64
Leonurus cardiaca
¥ –Motherwort
| ¥ Nervine sedative
65
Hypericum perforatum
¥ - St. John’s Wort
| ¥ Antiviral, vulnerary, antidepressant, good for seasonal affective disorder, sunny disposition
66
Passiflora incarnata
¥ Passion Flower
| ¥ Anxiolytic (good for GAD - slower acting than kava)
67
Matricaria recutita
¥ – Chamomile
| ¥ Anxiolytic, antidepressant, stomachic
68
Eschscholtzia californica
¥ California Poppy
| ¥ Antispasmodic, sedative – great for nervous kids/ADHD
69
Develop a basic understanding of the complex actions of bitters, and how bitter herbs can be used therapeutically.
- Receptors on tongue and oral mucosa stimulate saliva production
- Receptors transmit signals to brain & stimulate digestive processes through vagal efferents
- Bitter stimulus increases ghrelin, which increases & cycle of satiety
- Increases CCK which stimulates secretion of bile and pancreastic juice
- Stimulates motility
- Anti-inflammatory to GI mucosa
- Stimulate proliferation of mucosal cells
- If something is bitter, its mildly laxative (increase secretions & motility)
70
Define carminative, and understand how carminatives are used therapeutically.
- Prevents formation of/relieves gas – improve digestion
| - Mild antispasmodic effects
71
Define demulcent, and understand how demulcents are used therapeutically.
Coating and soothing mucous membranes
72
Gentiana lutea
¥ Gentian
| o Quintessential bitter herb
73
Citrus spp.
¥ – Citrus Peel
| o Flavonoids of inner rind (white part) – not essential oil – drying, uplifting
74
Artemesia vulgaris
¥ – Mugwort
75
Artemesia absinthum –
¥ Wormwood
o Anthelminthic
o Avoid very high doses d/t thujone (volatile oil)
76
Mahonia spp
¥ Oregon Grape
| o Gentle digestive bitter – bitter alterative
77
Foeniculum vulgare
¥ fennel
| o Aromatic carminative
78
Pimpinella anisum
anise
79
Mentha piperita/spicata –
¥ – peppermint/spearmint
| o Carminative, antispasmodic, anti-emetic
80
Zingiber officinale
¥ – ginger
| o Circulatory stimulant, carminative, warming, anti-emetic
81
Matricaria recutita -
¥ chamomile
| o Carminative, anti-inflammatory, vulnerary
82
Angelica archangelica
¥ Angelica
| Aromatic bitter, carminative, trophorestorative of digestive system
83
Althea officinalis
¥ Marshmallow
84
Ulmus spp
¥ Slippery Elm
85
Glygyrrhiza spp
¥ Licorice Root
86
Aloe spp.
¥ Aloe Gel
| o Long chain polysaccharides, vulnerary (cooling for gastritis, ulcers)
87
Trigonella foenum-greacum
¥ – Fenugreek
| o Rich in mucilage
88
Define cholegogue and choleretic.
- Cholegogue: increasing excretion of bile
| - Choleretic: increasing production of bile
89
Cichorium intybus
¥ Chickory
| ¥ Bitter, substitute for coffee
90
Chelidonium majus –
¥ Greater Celandine
¥ LOW DOSE – hepatotoxicity – unknown why
¥ Specific indication: spastic discomfort of bile duct & GI tract
91
Chionanthus virginicus
¥ – Fringe Tree
| ¥ Cholegogue, choleretic, cathartic in high doses, diuretic, bitter, jaundice tx
92
Curcuma longa
¥ Turmeric
93
Cynara scolymus
¥ Artichoke Leaf
| ¥ Cholegogue, choleretic, bitter, tonifying, cholesterol-lowering
94
Taraxicum officinale
¥ – Dandelion
¥ Root: Bitter digestive tonic, mild laxative (liver)
¥ Leaf: diuretic (kidney)
95
Silybum marianum
¥ Milk Thistle
| ¥ Trophorestorative of liver, cholegogue, choleretic, flavano-lignans (for hepatoprotective effects), hepatitis
96
What are the factors that effect the safety of botanical medicines?
- Relative toxicity & concentration of compound in botanical
- Presence of toxic compound in herb or solubility in preparation
- Route of administration
- Absorbability with oral consumption
- Tenacity of compound to survive metabolism
- Potential for compound to form more toxic compounds after metabolism
- Potential for accumulation
- Rate/effeciciency of excretion
97
What is the mechanism that is common to most herb/drug interactions?
- If herb would speed up or slow down the Cytochrome P450 enzymes that is breaking down drug
- Either clear drug too fast or drug builds up
98
¥ Symphytum officinale
¥ LOW DOSE
| ¥ Effective tx of pain if applied topically
99
¥ Hypericum perforatum
¥ Burns
100
¥ Plantago spp. – Plantain
¥ Parallel veination
101
Stellaria media
¥ Chickweed
102
Arnica spp
¥ Stimulant at tissue level – stimulates phagocytosis, helps prevent/resolve bruises/sprains/strains
¥ LOW DOSE
¥ Kind of like topical lymphagogue
¥ Helpful w/ pain
103
circulatory herbs
warming & vasodilating (note: doesn’t mean inflammatory, most are anti-inflammatory) – drivers of formula, used to further the action of other herbs (i.e. adaptogens)
104
Capsicum annuum -
Cayenne
105
Ginkgo biloba
¥ Ginkgo
¥ Not hot – increases oxygenation to brain & periphery, supports integrity of microvasculature
Powerful antioxidant & anti-inflammatory properties, antithrombotic
106
Piper nigrum
¥ Increases absorption of nutrients in gut, rubefacent
107
Rosmarinus officinalis
¥ Rosemary
| ¥ Overall stimulant, very tonifying, CNS effects (increased cognition – rosemary for rememberence), hypertensive herb
108
Zanthoxylum americanum –
¥ – Prickly Ash
| ¥ Decreases capillary engorgement, works well in lower doses combined w/ adaptogens
109
Zingiber officinale -
Ginger
110
What is a trophorestorative?
- A nourishing, tissue-specific herb that is tonic in the deepest sense of the word
- Safe over long period of use
- Restores physical fxn to debilitated organ or organ system
111
Be able to match the system to the trophorestorative herb below.
- Avena sativa – nervous
- Urtica dioica seed - kidney
- Withania somnifera - endocrine
- Arctium lappa – skin, Classic alterative for tx eczema, psoriasis, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, exanthems
- Centella asiatica – connective tissue, Modulates scar formation, strengthens connective tissue (In the notes, she also has Equisetum arvense, horsetail, as a connective tissue trophorestorative)
- Silybum marianum – liver
- Crataegus spp. – heart, Anti-arrythmic, cardioprotective, cardiotonic, rehabilitative in CHF, anti-HTN, nutritious, rich in OPCs and flavonoids
- Glycyrrhiza spp. - adrenals
- Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) – eyes, May help prevent, neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy. Rich in anthocyanins – potent antioxidants
- Bacopa monniera - brain
