Terms WEEK THREE Flashcards
For adults, record weight to the nearest
quarter of a pound
For adults, record height to the nearest
Quarter of an inch
Measurements for infants and children
kilograms (kg)
convert pounds to kilograms
divide by 2.2
measuring infant height and length
mark the top of the head and the heel of the flexed foot
head circumference for infants
measure the widest area of the head
(typically around eyebrows)
chest circumference for infants
underneath arm, above the nipple area
Body Mass Index
18.5 - 24.9: normal
over 24.9: overweight
over 30: obese
over 40: morbidly obese
pulse oximetry
- measures oxygen saturation n blood and displays pulse reading
- not considered a vital sign
- attached to finger or earlobe for reading
- normal reading: 95% or higher
Locations for palpating a pulse (artery)
temporal
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis
body regulation
- too hot: blood vessels dilate (sweat); more blood sent to the surface
- too cold: blood vessels constrict (shiver)
hard protein in hair and nails
keratin
Melanocyte
skin cell; produces the pigment melanin
rubor or erythema
flushing of the skin when blushing due to dilated blood vessels
pallor or pale
anxiety and cold can cause blood vessels to constrict
Cyanosis
bluish tint to the skin when it is not getting enough blood
subcutaneous layer
- connective tissue
- composed of adipose tissue(fatty layer) and larger blood vessels
sweat glands are also known as
sudoriferous glands
eccrine glands
distributed throughout the body, produce fluid to regulate body temperature
Apocrine glands
present in the axilla and pubic area, responsible for odor as bacteria break down organic substances.
Sebaceous glands
secretes an oil substance called sebum, adds a protective layer and prevent fluid loss.
Neoplasm
“new growth”
doesn’t specify cancerous or benign
acne vulgaris
black heads, white heads, pustules
Cellulitis
bacterial infection
Dermatitis
inflammation with rash
Eczema
itchy, red, scaly rash
Herpes Simplex (cold sore)
blisters, mouth, lips, face
Impetigo
bacterial infection, itchy, oozing skin
Keloid
an overgrowth of scar tissue
Nodule
small growth under the skin
Petechiae
ruptured skin capillaries
Pediculosis
Lice infestation
Ringworm (tinea corporis)
fungus infection, circular lesions
Rosacea
dilation of facial blood vessels, redness
Basal cell carcinoma
sun exposure, new growth does not heal
Squamous cell carcinoma
sun exposure, spreads to surrounding tissues (metastasize), common on face and head, less common than basal cell
Malignant melanoma
most aggressive; sun exposure, itchy, bleeding mole with changes
rules of nine
used to esimate the percentage of the body that is affected by the burn.
an adult has __ bones
206
Epiphysis
end part of a long bone
Diaphysis
the shaft central part of a bone
Medullary cavity
hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow
short bones
-typically small and round
- found in the wrists and ankles
- carpals, tarsals
flat bones
- surface area is falt or curved
- found in the skull and ribs
Irregular bones
- shape related to function
- vertebrae, pelvis
two bone types
cranial and facial
facial bones
mandible: lower jaw
maxilla: upper jaw
zygomatic: cheekbone
cervical vertebrae
neck
thoracic vertebrae
chest
lumbar vertebrae
low back
coccyx
tailbone
sternum
breastplate
ribs
attach to sternum
clavicles
collar bones
scapulae
shoulder blade
___ individual muscles in the body
600
skeletal muscle
movement, striated, voluntary
smooth
the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and iris of the eyes; involuntary
cardiac muscle
heart, involuntary
Arthritis
(osteoarthritis)-“wear &
tear”
- degenerative joint disease
- joint stiffness and pain
Rheumatoid Arthritis
autoimmune
- chronic systemic inflammatory disease
- visible joint deformity
bursitis
joint pain and swelling
Ewing sarcoma
type of tumor that forms in bone or soft tissue. ages 10-20 yrs
Gout
arthritis due to uric acids crystals in joints
Osteogenesis
brittle bone disease, herediary
Osteoporosis
disease of the elderly, causes fractures of the spine, loss of height
Osteosarcoma
bone cancer that usually develops in the cells (osteoblasts) that form bone, most in young people
Kyphosis
hunchback
Lordosis
swayback
Scoliosis
an abnormal s-shaped curvature of the spine
tendonitis
sports related, pain in joints
Myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disorder (antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscles) double vision, muscle weakness, difficulty chewing and breathing
Tetanus
muscle spasms in jaw and neck caused by the toxin (clostridium tetani) can cause death
Hematopoiesis
The process of making blood cells in red bone marrow
function of blood
carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and aids in eliminating the waste
location of the heart
located in central part of chest, slightly left of the midline(sternum)
heart chambers
- two atria; upper chambers
- two ventricles; lower chambers
AV Valves
- valves between atria and ventricles
- tricuspid: between right atrium and right ventricle
- bicuspid(mitral): between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic
Artery/arteroile
- carry blood away from the heart(oxygenated)
- aorta, leaves heart, sends blood oxygenated blood to the body
Vein/venule
- carry blood to the heart from the body (deoxygenated)
Superior vena cava
brings blood from the head and arms to the heart
Inferior Vena Cava
brings blood from the abdomen and legs into the heart
Gas Exchange
- pulmonary arteries to lungs
- pulmonary veins from lungs
Capillaries
- smallest blood vessels
connects arteries to veins - aid in exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and cells
Heart Rate
number of times your heart beats per minute
Heart Rhythm
synchronized pumping action of the four heart chambers
Maintenance of the heart’s electrical system
- a steady heart rate of 60-100 per minute at rest.
- rate increases during physical activity and lowers during sleep
what is called the pacemaker of the heart
SA node: sinoatrial node
heartbeat process
- the SA node send out an electrical impulse
- the upper heart chambers (atria) contract
- the av node sends an impulse to the ventricles, through the Bundle of His, to the bundle branches, through the Purkinje fibers.
- the lower heart chambers (ventricles) contract or pump.
- the SA node sends another signal to the atria to contract, which starts the cycle over again
Sinoatrial node
- right atrium
- natural pacemaker
- sends impulse to AV node
Atrioventricular node
- between atria and just above ventricles
- sends impulse to the bundle of His
Bundle of His
- between ventricles
- right and left bundle branches
- sends impulse to Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
- lateral walls of ventricles
- ventricles contract
Systole
period during which the chamber is contracting and blood is being ejectedD
Diastole
period of relaxation during which the chamber is filling
Factors affecting blood pressure
- cardiac output: how fast/strong beats; blood volume
- vasoconstriction and vasodilation; blood viscosity(thickness)
chest pain
angina
cardiac causes
- myocardial infarction(heart attack)
- narrowing of coronary arteries
-atherosclerosis(deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls
cause of hypertension
narrowing of the arteries
risk factors of hypertension
- obesity
- smoking
- kidney disease
-excessive alcohol intake
cause of Coronary artery
- buildup of fat and cholesterol in the arteries
risk factors of coronary artery disease
- high fat diet
- smoking
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
Aneurysm
a buldge or “ballooning” in the wall of an artery
cause of aneurysm
atherosclerosis
risk factors of aneurysm
obesity, smoking, high cholesterol diet
congestive heart failure
heart doesn’t pump blood as efficient
cause of CHF
hypertension, previous heart attack
risk factors of CHF
high fat diet, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
Thrombophlebitis
blood clot forms blocking veins in usually in the legs
risk factors of thrombophlebitis
- prolonged periods of inactivity
- hormone replacement therapy
- cancer
- paralysis
Mitral valve prolaspe
mitral valve does not close smoothly or evenly, causes backflow of blood
cause of mitral valve prolaspe
unknown, hereditary
symptoms of mitral valve prolaspe
none, SOB, palpitation
deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through
superior and inferior vena cava
narrowing the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle affects
mitral
blood flows from the heart to the lungs by
pulmonary arteries
the smallest blood vessels that contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
capillaries
documentation regarding the bicuspid valve could be referred to
mitral valve
what supplies blood to the heart muscle
coronary arteries
chamber contracts and the blood is ejected
systole
