Terms WEEK FOUR Flashcards
SYSTEMS
Blood in Humans
4-6 liters per adult
8% of body weight
Functions of blood
- carries oxygen &nutrients
- removes carbon dioxide and wastes
- regulation of body temperature
Components of Blood
- small enough to pass through capillaries
- last in the body for 120 days
- erythrocytes= red blood cell
red blood cells are produced in
red bone marrow
Erythropoietin
hormone that stimulates cells of the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells
RBC count
normally between 4 - 6.5 million rbc/ml
Polycythemia
increase in red blood cells, causes blood to be thicker and more dense; excessive blood cells than plasma
Hematocrit
- packed red cell volume
- normally about 45%
Hemoglobin
carries oxygen to the body
Neutrophils
55%; elevated in bacterial infections (most numerous of all the WBCs)
Eosinophils
3%; elevated in asthma, allergic reactions and parasite infections
Basophils
1%; release histamine and heparin, promote inflammation
Lymphocytes
make antibodies, increased in viral infections (AIDS); T cells, B cells
Monocytes
- largest type of leukocyte
- destroy germs
Platelets
thrombocytes; needed for the clotting process
Normal count of platelets
130,000 to 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
Thrombocytosis
high platelet levels
Thrombocytopenia
low platelet levels
Plasma
serum after centrifugation
components of plasma
- 55% portion of blood
- light yellow liquid
- carries water, nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the body
- used to remove waste from the body
Hemostasis
control of bleeding, stopping of a flow of blood
Coagulation
process of clotting, formation of a blood clot
Thrombus
stationary clot
Embolus
traveling clot
Polycythemia Vera
an abnormally high number of blood cells results in disease of the bone marrow
Thalassemia
an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn’t make enough hemoglobin
Rh factor
an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells
rh positive = has protein
rh negative = lacks potein
Erythroblastosis fetalis
a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible
Transfused blood
- needs to be matched for Rh factor
- 1st unmatched transfusion: antibodies develop
- 2nd time- agglutination occurs
- Important that the Rh factor for a mother and unborn child be determined during pregnancy
lymphatic system
- works wit the immune system
- organs include: thymus, spleen, lymph nodules, interstitial fluid(adenoids, tonsils)
lymph flows through
lymphatic vessels, lymph capillaries, lymph nodes
function of lymph
- collects and delivers the fluid
- starts immune response
- remove pathogens
lymph nodes
- located In neck, axila, groin
- produce and store lymphocytes
- home to macrophages the filter fluid
- enlarged in infections
location of the thymus
located posterior to the sternum
function of the thymus
- make t-cells
- larger in children, assists with production of lymphocytes for the child’s immune
spleen
- largest lymphatic organ
- upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity
- macrophages filter blood
Antigens
foreign substances
T-cells
attack cells
B- cells
make antibodies
Antibodies
- produced by white blood cells
- destroying pathogens or blocking them from infecting cells
immunoglobulins
also known as antibodies
naturally acquired active immunity
person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response
artificially acquired active immunity
vaccines contains active antigens to prevent the development of the disease in the future
naturally acquired passive immunity
passed from mother to child; antibodies passed through the placenta to protect child from illness
Articially acquired passive immunity
patient injected with antibodies by injection or infusion made by someone else
anaphylaxis
Life threatening allergic response
- requires an injection of epinephrine
Autoimmune disease
condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body
releases protein called auto-antibodies that attack healthy cells
examples of autoimmune disease
- graves disease
- lupus
- multiple sclerosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Guillain- barre syndrome
immunocompotent
normal functioning immune system
Immunodeficient | Immunosuppressed | Immunocompromised
a state in which the immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent
Interstitial fluid
fluid in spaces between cells
Opportunistic infections
infections a normal immune system would be able to fight off
exchange of oxygen take place in
alveoli air sacs
air enters through the nose and mouth into the
pharynx
exchange of oxygen within the lungs
external respiration
traveling clot that lodges in the blood vessel of the lung
pulmonary embolism
an acute inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness or dysphonia
laryngitis
lens
- the part of the eye that allows focus on images
- located behind the iris and in front of the vitreous body
- changes shape, bends light to focus properly on the retina
white outer layer of the eye
sclera
medical term for eardrum
tympanic membrane
“ringing in the ears”
tinnitus
the ability for the lens to change shape for focusing vision
accommodation
hardening of the bones of the ear
otosclerosis
hearing loss due to the aging process
presbycusis
during respiration, air enters through the nose and mouth into the
pharynx
disorder that has symptoms of yellow-gray or green mucus, fever and coughing
bronchitis
an infection of the lower lung caused by a bacteria, virus, or parasite
pneumonia
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath
tidal volume
a test that is used to diagnose asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (also known as pulmonary function testing)
spirometry
medical term for pink eye
conjunctivitis
medical term for nearsightedness
myopia
medical term of farsightedness
hyperopia
which is a middle ear infection usually requiring antibiotics
otitis media
what is considered the inner ear
labyrinth
medical term for earwax
cerumen
which is the outer covering or membrane that surrounds the lungs
pleura
a disorder starts in people between 30-50 yrs old and cause dizziness ringing in the ears and sensitivity to loud sounds
Meniere’s disease
the process of bending of light that enters the eye to focus on the retina, performed by the cornea
refraction
nose
- made of bones, cartilage and skin
- contains cilia, to prevent particles from entering
pharynx
- back of the throat
- shared with the digestive system
- during respiration, air enter through the nose and mouth into the pharynx
Larynx
produce voice(voice box)
Epiglottis
flap that diverts throat content to the trachea or esophagus
Trachea
main airway that extends from larynx and branches into bronchi
- lined with cilia
- windpipe
Lungs
- contains bronchi, alveoli, and blood vessels
- right lung slightly larger than left
- surrounds by membrane, pleura
bronchi
two large tubes that carry air from the windpipe to the lungs
function of the respiratory system
- move air in and out of lungs
- works with the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Internal respiration
exchange of oxygen within hemoglobin of a red blood cell
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation
Expiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal inhalation
Residual Volume
volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation
Vital Capacity
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible
Total Lung Capacity
the total amount of air the lungs can hold
Asthma
inflammation in airways (wheeze, cough, tightness)
Atelectasis
- the collapse of part or all of a lung; caused by a blockage of the air passages.
- caused by COP, pleurisy, lung cancer
Bronchitis
inflammation of he bronchi often due to infection
symptoms: yellow-gray or green mucus, fever, coughing.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
A group of lung disorders that limit airflow to lungs and usually cause enlargement of the alveoli. Caused by smoking, and pollutants
Emphysema
Damage to the alveoli from smoking; most common type of COPD- associated with smoking
Legionnaires
From Legionella bacteria found in contaminated water of air conditioning systems
pupil
center opening
Cornea
clear covering in the center of the eye
iris
colored protion
retina
captures vision input
conjunctivia
clear coating on the outside of the eye
Astigmatism
cornea or lens has abnormal shape
Blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid
Pinna (also known as Auricle)
outer ear structure
malleus, incu, and stapes (aka ossicles)
bones of the ear
Cochlea
hearing receptor
Organ of Corti
organ of hearing
Eustachian tube
connects throat to the middle ear
medical term for swimmer’s ear
otitis externa
olfactory
smell
gustatory
taste
optic
eye
otic
ear
lacrimal
tears
bleph
eyelids
presby
related to aging
brain
-coordinates body activities
- control center for the body
cerebrum
- largest part of the brain
brain in four parts
-frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
frontal lobe
- motor control (premotor cortex)
- problem solving (prefrontal area)
- speech production (broca’s area)
Temporal Lobe
Auditory processing (hearing)
- language comprehension (wernicke’s area)
- memory/ information retrieval
Brainstem
involuntary responses
Parietal Lobe
- touch perception (somatosensory cortex)
- body orientation and sensory discrimination
Occipital Lobe
- sight (visual cortex)
- visual reception and visual interpetation
Cerebellum
balance and coordination
Spinal Cord
- provides pathway for nerve impulses to and from the brain
- extends from the base of brain to lumbar vertebrae
Meninges
covers the brain and spinal cord
dura mater
outer layer, closest to your skull
Arachnoid Mater
the middle layer
Pia mater
inner layer; closest to the brain tissue
Cerebrospinal Fluid
brain and spinal cord float in this fluid
Neuron
functional unit of the nervous system
Dendrites
appendages that receive communications from other cells (resembles tree-like structure)
Nucleus
genetic material of the cell
Axon
-nerve fiber
- stores neurotransmitters
- transmit info to different neurons, muscles and glands
Synapse
structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron
Myelin sheath
- protective layer that wraps around the axons
- insulates the neuron
- controls the number of electrical signals being transmitted
Peripheral Nervous System is broken down into
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral Nerves
- include 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off the spinal cord
- carries nerve signals between the body and brain
Somatic Nervous System
- controls the body’s voluntary skeletal muscles
- Neurons carry information to the CNS
Autonomic Nervous System
controls the body’s automatic function (breathing)
Sympathetic branch
fight or flight
Parasympathetic
- returns body to resting state after stress
- responsible for homeostasis
Paralegia
paralysis of the legs
Quadriplegia
paralysis of the arms and legs
Hemiplegia
paralysis of 1/2 of the body
Monoplegia
impacts of one limb
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
degenerative and fatal disorder of the CNS
Multiple Sclerosis
demyelinating disease of CNS
Meningitis
Inflammation/infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord
Parkinson’s disease
progressive and degenerative motor system disorder; causes tremors
Transient Ischemic Attack
- usually last only a few minutes and doesn’t cause permanent damage
- called a mini stroke, may be a warning sign
bell’s palsy
weak or paralyzed facial muscles
epilepsy
seizures resulting from bursts of electrical signals in the brain
stroke (cva)
blood vessel in the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts. Brain damage due to lack of blood flow
Autoimmune attacks the PNS
Guillain Barre Syndrome
Kinesthesia
Awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs (proprioceptors) in the muscles and joints.
