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Medical Assitant > Terms WEEK FOUR > Flashcards

Terms WEEK FOUR Flashcards

SYSTEMS

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Blood in Humans

A

4-6 liters per adult
8% of body weight

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2
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • carries oxygen &nutrients
  • removes carbon dioxide and wastes
  • regulation of body temperature
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3
Q

Components of Blood

A
  • small enough to pass through capillaries
  • last in the body for 120 days
  • erythrocytes= red blood cell
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4
Q

red blood cells are produced in

A

red bone marrow

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5
Q

Erythropoietin

A

hormone that stimulates cells of the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells

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6
Q

RBC count

A

normally between 4 - 6.5 million rbc/ml

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7
Q

Polycythemia

A

increase in red blood cells, causes blood to be thicker and more dense; excessive blood cells than plasma

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8
Q

Hematocrit

A
  • packed red cell volume
  • normally about 45%
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9
Q

Hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen to the body

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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

55%; elevated in bacterial infections (most numerous of all the WBCs)

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11
Q

Eosinophils

A

3%; elevated in asthma, allergic reactions and parasite infections

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12
Q

Basophils

A

1%; release histamine and heparin, promote inflammation

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13
Q

Lymphocytes

A

make antibodies, increased in viral infections (AIDS); T cells, B cells

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14
Q

Monocytes

A
  • largest type of leukocyte
  • destroy germs
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15
Q

Platelets

A

thrombocytes; needed for the clotting process

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16
Q

Normal count of platelets

A

130,000 to 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood

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17
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

high platelet levels

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18
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet levels

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19
Q

Plasma

A

serum after centrifugation

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20
Q

components of plasma

A
  • 55% portion of blood
  • light yellow liquid
  • carries water, nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the body
  • used to remove waste from the body
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21
Q

Hemostasis

A

control of bleeding, stopping of a flow of blood

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22
Q

Coagulation

A

process of clotting, formation of a blood clot

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23
Q

Thrombus

A

stationary clot

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24
Q

Embolus

A

traveling clot

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25
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

an abnormally high number of blood cells results in disease of the bone marrow

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26
Q

Thalassemia

A

an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn’t make enough hemoglobin

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27
Q

Rh factor

A

an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells
rh positive = has protein
rh negative = lacks potein

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28
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible

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29
Q

Transfused blood

A
  • needs to be matched for Rh factor
  • 1st unmatched transfusion: antibodies develop
  • 2nd time- agglutination occurs
  • Important that the Rh factor for a mother and unborn child be determined during pregnancy
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30
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • works wit the immune system
  • organs include: thymus, spleen, lymph nodules, interstitial fluid(adenoids, tonsils)
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31
Q

lymph flows through

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph capillaries, lymph nodes

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32
Q

function of lymph

A
  • collects and delivers the fluid
  • starts immune response
  • remove pathogens
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33
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • located In neck, axila, groin
  • produce and store lymphocytes
  • home to macrophages the filter fluid
  • enlarged in infections
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34
Q

location of the thymus

A

located posterior to the sternum

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35
Q

function of the thymus

A
  • make t-cells
  • larger in children, assists with production of lymphocytes for the child’s immune
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36
Q

spleen

A
  • largest lymphatic organ
  • upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity
  • macrophages filter blood
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37
Q

Antigens

A

foreign substances

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38
Q

T-cells

A

attack cells

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39
Q

B- cells

A

make antibodies

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40
Q

Antibodies

A
  • produced by white blood cells
  • destroying pathogens or blocking them from infecting cells
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41
Q

immunoglobulins

A

also known as antibodies

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42
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A

person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response

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43
Q

artificially acquired active immunity

A

vaccines contains active antigens to prevent the development of the disease in the future

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44
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A

passed from mother to child; antibodies passed through the placenta to protect child from illness

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45
Q

Articially acquired passive immunity

A

patient injected with antibodies by injection or infusion made by someone else

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46
Q

anaphylaxis

A

Life threatening allergic response
- requires an injection of epinephrine

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47
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body
releases protein called auto-antibodies that attack healthy cells

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48
Q

examples of autoimmune disease

A
  • graves disease
  • lupus
  • multiple sclerosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • type 1 diabetes mellitus
  • Guillain- barre syndrome
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49
Q

immunocompotent

A

normal functioning immune system

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50
Q

Immunodeficient | Immunosuppressed | Immunocompromised

A

a state in which the immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent

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51
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

fluid in spaces between cells

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52
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

infections a normal immune system would be able to fight off

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53
Q

exchange of oxygen take place in

A

alveoli air sacs

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54
Q

air enters through the nose and mouth into the

A

pharynx

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55
Q

exchange of oxygen within the lungs

A

external respiration

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56
Q

traveling clot that lodges in the blood vessel of the lung

A

pulmonary embolism

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57
Q

an acute inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness or dysphonia

A

laryngitis

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58
Q

lens

A
  • the part of the eye that allows focus on images
  • located behind the iris and in front of the vitreous body
  • changes shape, bends light to focus properly on the retina
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59
Q

white outer layer of the eye

A

sclera

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60
Q

medical term for eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

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61
Q

“ringing in the ears”

A

tinnitus

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62
Q

the ability for the lens to change shape for focusing vision

A

accommodation

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63
Q

hardening of the bones of the ear

A

otosclerosis

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64
Q

hearing loss due to the aging process

A

presbycusis

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65
Q

during respiration, air enters through the nose and mouth into the

A

pharynx

66
Q

disorder that has symptoms of yellow-gray or green mucus, fever and coughing

A

bronchitis

67
Q

an infection of the lower lung caused by a bacteria, virus, or parasite

A

pneumonia

68
Q

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath

A

tidal volume

69
Q

a test that is used to diagnose asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (also known as pulmonary function testing)

A

spirometry

70
Q

medical term for pink eye

A

conjunctivitis

71
Q

medical term for nearsightedness

A

myopia

72
Q

medical term of farsightedness

A

hyperopia

73
Q

which is a middle ear infection usually requiring antibiotics

A

otitis media

74
Q

what is considered the inner ear

A

labyrinth

75
Q

medical term for earwax

A

cerumen

76
Q

which is the outer covering or membrane that surrounds the lungs

A

pleura

77
Q

a disorder starts in people between 30-50 yrs old and cause dizziness ringing in the ears and sensitivity to loud sounds

A

Meniere’s disease

78
Q

the process of bending of light that enters the eye to focus on the retina, performed by the cornea

A

refraction

79
Q

nose

A
  • made of bones, cartilage and skin
  • contains cilia, to prevent particles from entering
80
Q

pharynx

A
  • back of the throat
  • shared with the digestive system
  • during respiration, air enter through the nose and mouth into the pharynx
81
Q

Larynx

A

produce voice(voice box)

82
Q

Epiglottis

A

flap that diverts throat content to the trachea or esophagus

83
Q

Trachea

A

main airway that extends from larynx and branches into bronchi
- lined with cilia
- windpipe

84
Q

Lungs

A
  • contains bronchi, alveoli, and blood vessels
  • right lung slightly larger than left
  • surrounds by membrane, pleura
85
Q

bronchi

A

two large tubes that carry air from the windpipe to the lungs

86
Q

function of the respiratory system

A
  • move air in and out of lungs
  • works with the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
87
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of oxygen within hemoglobin of a red blood cell

88
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation

89
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal inhalation

90
Q

Residual Volume

A

volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation

91
Q

Vital Capacity

A

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible

92
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

the total amount of air the lungs can hold

93
Q

Asthma

A

inflammation in airways (wheeze, cough, tightness)

94
Q

Atelectasis

A
  • the collapse of part or all of a lung; caused by a blockage of the air passages.
  • caused by COP, pleurisy, lung cancer
95
Q

Bronchitis

A

inflammation of he bronchi often due to infection
symptoms: yellow-gray or green mucus, fever, coughing.

96
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A

A group of lung disorders that limit airflow to lungs and usually cause enlargement of the alveoli. Caused by smoking, and pollutants

97
Q

Emphysema

A

Damage to the alveoli from smoking; most common type of COPD- associated with smoking

98
Q

Legionnaires

A

From Legionella bacteria found in contaminated water of air conditioning systems

99
Q

pupil

A

center opening

100
Q

Cornea

A

clear covering in the center of the eye

101
Q

iris

A

colored protion

102
Q

retina

A

captures vision input

103
Q

conjunctivia

A

clear coating on the outside of the eye

104
Q

Astigmatism

A

cornea or lens has abnormal shape

105
Q

Blepharitis

A

inflammation of the eyelid

106
Q

Pinna (also known as Auricle)

A

outer ear structure

107
Q

malleus, incu, and stapes (aka ossicles)

A

bones of the ear

108
Q

Cochlea

A

hearing receptor

109
Q

Organ of Corti

A

organ of hearing

110
Q

Eustachian tube

A

connects throat to the middle ear

111
Q

medical term for swimmer’s ear

A

otitis externa

112
Q

olfactory

A

smell

113
Q

gustatory

A

taste

114
Q

optic

A

eye

115
Q

otic

A

ear

116
Q

lacrimal

A

tears

117
Q

bleph

A

eyelids

118
Q

presby

A

related to aging

119
Q

brain

A

-coordinates body activities
- control center for the body

120
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain
121
Q

brain in four parts

A

-frontal
- parietal
- occipital

122
Q
  • temporal
A
123
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • motor control (premotor cortex)
  • problem solving (prefrontal area)
  • speech production (broca’s area)
124
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory processing (hearing)
- language comprehension (wernicke’s area)
- memory/ information retrieval

125
Q

Brainstem

A

involuntary responses

126
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • touch perception (somatosensory cortex)
  • body orientation and sensory discrimination
127
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • sight (visual cortex)
  • visual reception and visual interpetation
128
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance and coordination

129
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • provides pathway for nerve impulses to and from the brain
  • extends from the base of brain to lumbar vertebrae
130
Q

Meninges

A

covers the brain and spinal cord

131
Q

dura mater

A

outer layer, closest to your skull

132
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

the middle layer

133
Q

Pia mater

A

inner layer; closest to the brain tissue

134
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

brain and spinal cord float in this fluid

135
Q

Neuron

A

functional unit of the nervous system

136
Q

Dendrites

A

appendages that receive communications from other cells (resembles tree-like structure)

137
Q

Nucleus

A

genetic material of the cell

138
Q

Axon

A

-nerve fiber
- stores neurotransmitters
- transmit info to different neurons, muscles and glands

139
Q

Synapse

A

structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron

139
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  • protective layer that wraps around the axons
  • insulates the neuron
  • controls the number of electrical signals being transmitted
140
Q

Peripheral Nervous System is broken down into

A

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

140
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A
  • include 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off the spinal cord
  • carries nerve signals between the body and brain
141
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • controls the body’s voluntary skeletal muscles
  • Neurons carry information to the CNS
142
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls the body’s automatic function (breathing)

142
Q

Sympathetic branch

A

fight or flight

143
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • returns body to resting state after stress
  • responsible for homeostasis
143
Q

Paralegia

A

paralysis of the legs

144
Q

Quadriplegia

A

paralysis of the arms and legs

144
Q

Hemiplegia

A

paralysis of 1/2 of the body

144
Q

Monoplegia

A

impacts of one limb

145
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degenerative and fatal disorder of the CNS

145
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

demyelinating disease of CNS

146
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation/infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord

147
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

progressive and degenerative motor system disorder; causes tremors

148
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack

A
  • usually last only a few minutes and doesn’t cause permanent damage
  • called a mini stroke, may be a warning sign
149
Q

bell’s palsy

A

weak or paralyzed facial muscles

150
Q

epilepsy

A

seizures resulting from bursts of electrical signals in the brain

151
Q

stroke (cva)

A

blood vessel in the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts. Brain damage due to lack of blood flow

152
Q

Autoimmune attacks the PNS

A

Guillain Barre Syndrome

153
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs (proprioceptors) in the muscles and joints.

Medical Assitant (5 decks)

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