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BB10012 > Terms to know > Flashcards

Terms to know Flashcards

1
Q

What is a shared, derived character called?

A

A synapomorphy monphyletic group.

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2
Q

What is a shared, ancestral character?

A

A symplesiomorphy paraphyletic group.

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3
Q

What is an independently derived character called?

A

Analogy polyphyletic group.

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4
Q

What are homologous characters?

A

Characters that were inherited from ancestors.

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5
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Small changes in a gene pool that can be observed over small periods of time.

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6
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Large evolutionary changes such as the formation of whole taxonomic groups that cannot be observed individually.

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7
Q

What is coevolution?

A

A reciprocal process where a pair of species evolve in response to eachother.

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8
Q

What is antagonistic coevolution?

A

When two species may evolve to escape or withstand the negative effects of eachother within a predator-prey or parasite-host relationship.

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9
Q

What is Red-Queen dynamics?

A

The idea that species need to keep evolving to keep up with their environment and competitors.

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10
Q

Isogamy?

A

Fusion of two similar-sized gametes.

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11
Q

Anisogamy?

A

Fusion of two gametes that are dissimilar in size.

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12
Q

Apomixis?

A

No meiosis - offspring identical to the mother.

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13
Q

Automixis?

A

Meiosis produces haploid gametes that fuse together. Little genetic diversity from mother, but will be genetically different.

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14
Q

Fisher-Muller?

A

Sex brings together beneficial mutations. Without sex they would only end up in the same genome if evolution proceeded sequentially.

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15
Q

Muller’s Ratchet?

A

Asexual lineages accumulate deleterious mutations through time - no way to remove and fitness will decline as mutationds accumulate.

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16
Q

Intersexual selection?

A

Mate choice - one sex imposing selection on the other.

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17
Q

Intrasexual selection?

A

Mate competition - competition between individuals of the same species for access to mates.

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18
Q

Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis?

A

The idea that costly traits (such as bright colouration) may reflect a males overall health.

19
Q

What is the equation associated with inclusive fitness?

A

rB - C (r=relatedness, B= benefit to relatives and C = cost to individuals)

20
Q

Thrifty genotype?

A

Genotypes that were advantageous in the past are now detrimental.

21
Q

Thrifty phenotype?

A

Nutrient-poor fetal environment can alter lifetime physiology.

22
Q

Thrifty epigenotype?

A

Epigenetic mechanisms couple fetal nutrition with particular physiology.

23
Q

What RNA can block translation?

A

microRNA - non-coding RNA.

24
Q

Genetic drift?

A

Changes in allele frequencies due to random sampling effects between generations.

25
Q

Intermittent drift?

A

Large fluctuations in population size from one generation to the next.

26
Q

Harem mating system?

A

Males compete for a group of females. Males fight males.

27
Q

Recognition concept?

A

The idea that a set of organisms recognise eachother as potential mates.

28
Q

Ecological concept?

A

Populations form discrete phenetic cluters (niches) as the ecological and evolutionary processes that control how resources are divided up tend to produce those clusters.

29
Q

Cladistic concept?

A

SPecies are he sections of lines between the branch points on the tree.

30
Q

Parapatric speciation?

A

Populations occupy specific niches so they are separated by ecological factors.

31
Q

Peripatric speciation?

A

Speciation due to an isolated peripheral (small) population.

32
Q

Sibling species?

A

Species that differ reproductively but not phenetically - mating is prevented due to courtship differences.

33
Q

Selective sweep?

A

Adaptive mutations that appear cause nearby nucleotides to stabilise as well.

34
Q

Extended phenotypes?

A

For a gene to be adaptive it doesn’t have to affect it’s own phenotype - can create a structure in an organism that enhances it’s fitness.

35
Q

Orthologs?

A

Genes related by common descent.

36
Q

Compression/impression fossils?

A

Result when organic material is buried in wind or water borne sediment before it completely decomposes.

37
Q

Permineralization?

A

Pores of the plant materials, bones and shells are impregnated by mineral matter from the ground, lakes or oceans.

38
Q

Palynology?

A

The study of pollen.

39
Q

Paleopalynology?

A

The study of fossil pollen.

40
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

An outer coat on pollen.

41
Q

Casts and moulds?

A

Originate when remains decay or when skeletons are dissolved after being buried in sediment.

42
Q

Unaltered remains?

A

Presevation in ice, amber, bogs and caves.

43
Q

Fossil?

A

Any trace left by an organism that lived in the geological past.

44
Q

Trace fossils?

A

A dwelling burrow common in shelf marine environments.

BB10012 (19 decks)

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