terms to know Flashcards
what are the different kinds of anti - inflammatory diets?
- mediterranean diet
- DASH = dietary approaches to stop hypertension
what do anti-inflammatory diets have in them?
- antioxidant foods rich in carotenes, vit C, E & selenium
- food rich in zinc, popper, iron, and manganese to protect against free radical damage
define dysphagia
chewing or swallowing difficulty
- thickening agents are helpful
what are the 3 stages of swallowing?
- oral preparation & transit
- pharyngeal transit
- esophageal transit
what are 3 conditions that cause dysphagia?
- huntingtins
- dementia
- esophageal cancer
- parking disease
- stroke
what are the warning signs of dysphagia?
- pain while swallowing
- drooling
- pocketing
what are the nutrition therapy for dysphagia?
- screening for risk factors
- Videofluoroscopy = used to find level of consistency tolerated by patient
- individual diet to person
- food served in form tat fits the specific needs of pt
- use thickening agents
- speech therapist: can teach compensatory techniques
- safe eating position: upright
what are swallowing aids for pt with dysphagia?
- encourage pt to think/talk about food before meals
- can help stimulate the flow of saliva
- aids in formation of bolus
- tart or sour foods = stimulate saliva production
- have pt lick jelly from lips, pucker, hum or whistle (helps strengthen mouth)
what is a hiatal hernia?
- condition where the stomach bulges upward through the diaphragm
- experience respiratory symptoms such as pneumonitis, chronic bronchitis & asthma
- avoid foods high in fat
define peptic ulcer disease
- break or ulceration in protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum
- can be superficial or deep
- caused by anti - inflammatory drugs
- eliminate foods that damage to lining
define dumping syndrome?
- caused by partial or total gastrectomy or removal of pyloric sphincter
- symptoms related to rapid gastric emptying & distension of upper small intestine
- symptoms = fullness, cramps, nausea, diarrhea, tacy, postural, hypotension, sweating, weakness, fainting (10 20 min after meal)
- late phase = hypoglycemia, perspiration, hunger, nausea, anxiety, tremors (1 - 3)
what are the nutrition therapy techniques of dumping syndrome
- liquids consumed between melas rather then with meals
- protein, fat & complex carbs are better tolerated than simple carbs
- evaluate older pt who experience dumping syndrome, may have iron deficiencies, b 12, protein, & vit D
what is the MNT for post gastric surgery?
- NPO till GI function returns
- liquids advanced as tolerated
- small, frequence meals
- liquids and solids consumed separately
define causing factor of diarrhea?
- passing of loose watery bowl that result when contents of GI tract move too quickly to allow water to be reabsorbed in the colon
- acute diarrhea is short and due to meds, or changes in dietary habits
- chronic = longer than 4 weeks, result of GI irritation or malabsorption
define celiac disease
- chronic disease that damages mucosa of small intestine = reduced absorptive area
- intestinal damage caused by gliadin, the protein fraction of gluten
- symptoms = diarrhea, abdominal distension, fat, malabsorption, weight loss
what is the nutritional therapy?
- removal of gluten from diet
- lifelong avoidance of gluten
- can have osteoporosis & blood coagulation issues
define lactose intolerance
- most common disaccharidase disorder (can’t have lactase)
- symptoms = abdominal cramping, bloating, diarrhea
- severity depends on amount of lactose ingested & degree of intolerance one has
- can be secondary to acute or chronic disease
define IBS
- functional GI disorder involving disturbances between brain & gut
- common = food allergies, lactose maldigestion, nonceliac wheat
what is the treatment of IBS?
- depends on person
- lactose, gluten or sugar ma be eliminated
- low FODMAP = fermentable oligosaccharides,
disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) is now accepted as a strategy
what is inflammatory bowel disease? IBD
- nuclides chronic ulcerative colitis (UC) and
Crohn’s disease - symptoms = abdominal pain, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, protein loss
- includes nutritional depletion (replace)
what nutrition therapy should be used for IBD?
- high cal & protein diet divided into small frequent meals
- during remission, high fiber
define hepatitis
- inflammation of liver caused by infections, mononucleosis, cirrhosis, toxic chemicals, viral infection
- 5 types
define hepatitis A?
- transmitted by fecal oral route, often caused by poor handwashing or stool precautions; common in areas of poor sanitation
- vaccine recommended
- rapid onset = 4 to 6 weeks
define hepatitis B
- transmitted through contaminated blood & sexual contact
- routine vaccination
- onset slow = 12 weeks
- no alcohol
define hepatitis C
- transmitted through blood, saliva, or semen
- onset slow: approximately 8 weeks
- progression from hep c virus to cirrhosis of liver
define hepatitis D
- happens only if PT has hep B and is exposed to hep D
- risk factor = intravenous drug use
what Nutrional therapy should be used for nutritional therapy
- liquid diet, processing small, frequent feedings high in cals & protein
- carbs = 40% of cals
- limit fats
- more fluids
- take vitamins
what is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
- build up of extra fat in the liver that is not caused by alcohol
- develops in PT who are overweight, obese, have DM, high cholesterol, poor eating habits,
define nonalcoholic steatepatitis
- most severe form of NAFLD
- Fatigue, weakness, weight loss, anorexia,
spider-like blood vessels, jaundice, itching,
edema, or mental confusion
MNT for fatty liver disease?
- Weight loss for overweight and obese individuals
- Meal patterning to improve glycemic control and
CVD risk factors - Limit intake of total fat and fructose
- Prebiotics/probiotics may be beneficial
- Eliminate alcohol
- Increase physical activity
- Other: eliminate the offensive agent if possible
define cirrhosis
- Buildup of fibrous connective tissue as result of alcohol abuse; hepatitis; biliary disorders; chronic autoimmune disease; metabolic disorders; or chronic use of hepatotoxic drugs
what are the complications of cirrhosus
- Portal hypertension: increased pressure in portal vein
➢ Esophageal varices: if ruptured, may be fatal
what is the MNT for cirrhosis?
- restrict sodium & fluids (track)
- more intake of vitamins
what are the basic screening of nutrition for nurses?
- decreased appetite
- unintentional weight loss
- age and medical history
- hydration status and illness severity
what does a registered dietitian do?
- nutrition care process
- detailed nutrition assessments
- nutrition diagnosis
what does a dietetic technician do?
- take diet histories
- collect info for nutrition screening & assessment
- work directly w. pt who have meal issues
- provide basic nutrition education
- should not be asked to counsel pt about mods for complex disease
define nutritional risk
- risk to become malnourished
what are the outcomes of malnurition?
- poor wound healing
- longer lengths of stay / decline in overall health
- loss of appetite, depression, or alterations in taste & smell
when does a nutrition screening need to be done for a hospital admin?
- 24 hours
- consists of nutrition assessment, diagnosis, intervention, monitoring, and evaluation
what is the typical data taken for nutrition screening?
- food intake
- weight loss
- mobility
- neuro psych problems
- BMI
what is a clear liquid diet?
- foods that are clear and liquid at room temp
- inadequate in energy in all nutrients (but H2o)
- should not be used for more than 8 - 24 hrs
- ex: chicken broth, plain gelatin, ice chips, apple juice
what is a full liquid diet?
- foods that are liquid at room temp
- often prescribed if pt have issues chewing or swallowing solids
- can supply adequate energy and nutrients
what are the 4 levels of dysphagia
Level 1 Dysphagia Pureed (no lumps/bumps)
➢ Level 2 Dysphagia Mechanically Altered
➢ Level 3 Dysphagia Advanced
➢ Level 4 Return to regular die
define enteral nutrition
pt not bale to eat orally for more than few days
- tube feeding
define standard - intact formula?
- require a normally functioning GI tract
- no special requirements
- blendarized food, milk based, high cals, lactose free
what are the 3 special formulas?
Elemental formulas (predigested or hydrolyzed): composed of partially or fully hydrolyzed nutrients
➢ Modular formulas: single macronutrients added to other foods or enteral products
➢ Specialty formulas: designed to meet specialized nutrient demands for specific disease states
what are the feeding tube routes?
- Nasogastric: tube is passed through nose to stomach.
- Nasoduodenal: tube is passed from nose to duodenum (small intestine).
- Nasojejunal: tube is passed through nose to jejunum
(small intestine). - Esophagostomy: tube is surgically inserted into neck and
extends to stomach. - Gastrostomy: tube is surgically inserted into stomach.
- Jejunostomy: tube is surgically inserted into small
intestine.
what is continuous vs intermittent feeding?
- continuous: feeds can be administered at consistent rate over 24 hours
- intermittent: feeds can be administered by gravity over 30 - 90 min (4 to 6 hrs)
