chapter 9, exam 2 Flashcards
what are the two methods to determine food energy?
- bomb calorimeter
- proximate composition
what is converted into mechanical energy?
- as bodied function chemical energy from food is converted to mechanical energy and heat
what energy is used to fuel the body?
- ATP for all energy requiring processes
what are carbs converted into?
- CO2 and water via metabolic pathways of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
what is anaerobic pathway?
- no o2 needed, cells starving and leaking lactic acid
- for sprinting or speed type exercise
- in cytoplasm
what is glycolysis?
- ATP and pyruvic acid being produced
what is aerobic pathway?
- glycolysis where o2 us needed
- for endurance type of exercise
- in mitochondria
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
- creation of phosphate bond to form ATP
how do fats work as a source of energy?
- hydrolysis of fats into glycerol and 3 fatty acids
- glycerol is changed into pyruvic which is used for energy
how are proteins used for energy?
- determined by amino acids
- some amino acids are converted into pyruvate or crabs cycle intermediates
what does the amount of energy one uses depend on?
- intensity and length of exercise, fitness level, and foods eaten
what factors influence glycogen storage?
- carb intake and fitness level
anerobic and aerobic pathways are…
- constant interchange of energy sources
what are the components of totally energy expenditure?
- metabolic rate, physical activity, thermic effect of food
what does thermic effect of food mean?
- energy to digest, absorb, metabolize, and store food in the body
what is basal metabolic rate? (BMR)
- largest contributor to energy expenditure
- direct & indirect calorimetry
- resting energy expenditure
what factors effect BMR?
- age, body size, body temp, fasting/starving stress, menstruation, thyroid function, lean body mass
what is the second largest contributor of energy expenditure? & what does it vary on?
- physical activity
- varies on intensity, duration, & body size
what is adaptive thermogenesis?
- energy used to adjust to changing physical and biological environmental situations
what is adaptive thermogenesis effected by?
- coldness, changes in kilocalorie intake, physical and emotional trauma
what is a healthy weight determined by?
- person can physically move comfortably
- maintained w/o undue restriction of food intake or w/o excessive exercise
- live without experiencing any weight related associative disorders
if an associated disorders due to weight develop what is the patient solution?
- lifestyle changes can be initiated to achieve a healthier weight
- healthier weight is a weightless of 10 - 16 pounds, with healthy lifestyle behaviors
what are bodies composed of?
- bodies are composed off fat, bone, muscle and other non fat tissue known as lean body mass
how is body fatness measured when weight is ot a good measure?
- underwater weighting = densitometry
- bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)
- measurement of skinfold thickness & body circumference
what is a body mass index?
- weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
- limited usefulness: still assessment of weight, not body fat
what are the functions of fat?
- vital functions
- 12 to 13% essential body fat in women
- 3% to 8% in men of essential body fat
what do low body fat levels result in?
- amenorrhea w/ bone loss
- fracture risk increased
how is body fat distributed?
- genetically determined
what are adipocytes?
- cells in which fat is stored
- new cells can be formed at any stage of life
- bodies seme to monitor size of adipocytes as they can hypertrophy and hyperplasia
what is energy balance determined by?
- relationship of engery intake to energy expenditure
- 1 lb = 3500 kcal
what is the genetic influence on body size?
- Genetic effects on body weight
➢ Genetics versus environment
➢ Genetics and hormones: leptin and ghrelin
➢ Fatness: considered as a multifactorial phenotype - Regardless of genetic makeup, fatness is also influenced by
nutritional, psychologic, economic, and social factors
what is a “set point?”
- natural level that body regulates fat
- body make adjustment to return to set point
what is the “nondiet approach” to maintaining wellness
- long term changes of eating well and staying physically active
- establishing realistic goals
- changing behavior (establish new habits through behavior modification)
- normalizing eating
- enjoying eating
what are the effects of adapting an active lifestyle?
- increases energy expenditure
➢ Maintains lean body mass
➢ Improves many health conditions
➢ Differences in exercise responses
➢ Individualized exercise
what is physical activity vs physical fitness?
- Physical activity: actions or movements made
➢ Physical fitness: limits on actions that body is capable of performing
what are compoents of physical fitness?
- Flexibility
- musclar stregth and endurance
- cardiovascular endrance
what are the health benefits of excerise?
- Regular exercise can
- Improve cardiovascular fitness; inactivity is a major risk factor
for cardiovascular disease - Decrease blood pressure
- Help lose and maintain weight
- Alter blood lipid and lipoprotein levels
- Reduce risk of colon cancer, stroke, and hypertension
- Delay or treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression,
osteoporosis
what is the recommendations of dietary intake?
- Dietary intake pattern: 45% to 65% of carbohydrate
(CHO) kilocalories; 20% to 35% of fat kilocalories;
10% to 35% of protein kilocalories
-what are the negative consequences with inadequate intake
weakness, iron deficiency, stress fractures, amenorrhea, osteoporosis
what nurtient is most critical for athletic prformance?
- water
- Loss of 2% to 3% of body weight: can impair ability
➢ Recommendations for adequate fluid replacemen
what is explanatory style nurtition?
- accepting body as is; attempting to improve health by eating well and exercising
what is a pessimistic explanatory style?
- judging one’s body
negatively; not attempting to change
what is the role of nurses in this chapter?
- To consider their attitudes toward their own bodies and level of fitness
➢ To consider attitude toward clients who may struggle with weight and fitness issues
➢ To remain knowledgeable about lifestyle changes and choices for client success
what is a thin build athlete?
- at risk for vitamin/mineral
deficiencies: supplementation may be indicated (100% Dietary Recommended Intake - however, most athletes have excessive intake of vitamins and minerals
what are ergogenic acids?
- Drugs or dietary regimens believed to increase strength, power, and/or endurance
- Health and efficacy concerns
how does fat function for athletes?
- Fat amount used depends on duration and intensity of
exercise, prior training, and diet composition.
➢ Aerobic activity promotes fat use as energy source.
➢ Aerobic activity increases ability to burn fat as fuel
and spares muscle glycogen.
