chap. 20 nutrition for cancer, HIV, & aids Flashcards
define carcinogenesis?
- is the process of cancer production
- cancer is the second biggest killer
what is ROS?
- Reactive oxygen species are chemically active compounds containing oxygen; they may cause chronic inflammation and tissue damage over time
what is the ROS paradox?
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumorigenesis. ROS can both suppress and promote the transformation, survival, proliferation, invasion, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of
tumor cells
what are risk factors known to increase risk of cancer?
- Cigarette smoking and tobacco use
- Infections
- Radiation
- Immunosuppressive medications
what are factors that MAY affect risk of cancer?
- Alcohol
- Physical activity
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Environmental risk factors
what are some ways that nutrition can help prevent cancer?
- Maintain a healthy weight and stay physically active
- limit intake of solid fats, sugar-sweetened foods, empty-calorie snack foods
- choose mediterranean diet 4 L
- eat 2 - 3 cups of fruits & veggie a day (especially cruciferous veggies, EX: broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussel sprouts)
- season foods w/ herbs & species
- choose whole grains & beans
- enjoy protein in moderation, cut down on processed & red meat
- get recommended intake of Ca+, vit d, other micronutrients
- consume less smoked, salty stuff
- limit alch to 1 to 2 drink per day
what is a phytochemical? & examples of them?
- are nonnutritive substances in plant
based foods that appear to have disease-fighting properties - ex: berries, nuts, broccoli, coffee, tea, vegetable
what is a healthy weight?
- is a weight at which a person can physically
move comfortably, maintain without undue restriction of food
intake or without excessive exercise and live without experiencing any weight-related associated disorders
define healthier weight
- is weight loss of 10 to 16 pounds accompanied
by healthy lifestyle behaviors.
what populations is BMI not useful in?
- elderly or athletes
- Underestimates body fat in the elderly and others with muscle loss
- Overestimates body fat in individuals who have a muscular build
what is the BMI ranges?
- Underweight: Less than 18.5
- Healthy Weight: 18.5 to less than 24.9
- Overweight: 25 to less than 29.9
- Obesity: 30 or greater
- BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2 is associated with risk factors such as
respiratory disease, tuberculosis, and some forms of cancer
what is waist circumference used for? and the normal?
- can assess abdominal (visceral) fat
Circumference greater than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women
indicates risk for disease - Goal: WC to less than half of the height (<0.5)
what is waist to hip ratio used for? & how
- sometimes used for HIV-AIDS patients
- EQ = waist circumference ÷ hip circumference
what is waist to height ration used for? whats the EQ?
- predictor for DM, HTN, and CVD
waist circumference (inches) ÷ height (inches)
define cachexia?
- general ill health and malnutrition marked by weakness and emaciation
- Cancer cachexia is a complex syndrome with anorexia that results in severe wasting of lean body mass and weight loss
why is there weight loss with cancer?
- Cytokines (proteins) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), drive weight loss, anorexia, hypermetabolism, wasting of skeletal
muscle mass, and increased levels of lipid breakdown
Tx for cachexia?
- Cytokine inhibitors
- steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- appetite stimulants (!)
what are cancer nutritional concerns?
- Altered taste
▪ Anorexia
▪ Nausea
▪ Vomiting
what are the side effects from head and neck cancer surgery?
- dysphagia
what are the nutritional concerns for Esophagectomy cancer pt’s?
- Diarrhea, steatorrhea, esophageal stenosis
what are the nutritional concerns for vagotomy cancer pt’s?
- Gastric stasis, diarrhea, fat malabsorption
what are the nutritional concerns for Gastrectomy cancer pt’s?
- Dumping syndrome; hypoglycemia; malabsorption
- possible deficiencies of iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and fat-soluble vitamins
