Terms & Questions | Chap 2. Water & Organic Molecules Flashcards
The terms and question inside the chapter.
Acid
A substance that increases the H+ (Hydrogen) Ions in a solution.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Energy currency of the cell that transfers energy from chemical bonds to endergonic (energy absorbing) reactions within the cell.
Amino Acid
The subunits (Monomers) from which proteins (Polymers) are assembled
Base
Substance that lowers the H+ (Hydrogen Ions) concentration in a solution.
Carbohydrates
Organic molecules composed of C, H, and O that serves as energy sources and structursl materials for cells of all organisms.
Cellulose
Polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. Made up of only Beta glucoses. Insoluble in water and indigestible by humans.
Cell Walls
Structure produced by some cells outside their cell membrane. Variosuly composed of Chitin, Peptidoglycan, or Cellulose.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Complex molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for the development, functioning, and maintenance of living organisms.
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides chemically bonded.
Energy
The ability to bring about changes or to do work .
Enzymes
Biological molecules that act as organic catalysts for facilitating accelerated chemical reactions through lower required energy.
Fats
Lipids, class of macromolecule formed from fatty acids and glycerol.
Fatty Acid
Hydrocarbon molecule of organic acid that are the fundamental building blocks of lipids.
Hormones
Chemical substances that are produced in the endocrine glands and travel in the blood to target organs where they elicit a response.
Hemoglobin
Protein in red blood cells that bind with oxygen and largely responsible for the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. Come posed of 4 Polypeptide chains, 2 Alpha and Beta chains.
Hydrogen Bonds
A weak Covalent Bond formed from the electrostatic attraction of a one more electricnegative Atom to a Hydrogen Atom
Lipids
Macromolecule functioning in long-term storage of energy, insulation, structure and control. Fats, Waxes, Oils, Steroids.
Macromolecules
Organic molecule made of three to millions of monomer subunits constructed by being covalently bonded through condensation reactions where water is removed from functional groups on the monomers.
Messenger RNA(mRNA)
The blueprint for construction of a protein.
Mole
Avogadro’s number of a substance.
Monomer
A molecule unit that form together to produce a larger molecule (Macromolecule) known as Polymer.
Sugars, Amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides.
Monosaccharides
Simple carbohydrates, single sugar units.
Mutation
Any change in the DNA base sequence.
Natural Selection
Process of differential survival and repoduction of better genotypes.
Nucleic Acids
Polymers composed of nucleotides.
Nucleoid
The area of the prokaryotic cytoplasm where the chromatin is localized
Nucleotides
Phosphate, a sugar, and nitrogenous bases as the fundamental structural unit of the nucleic acid group of organic macromolecules.
DNA, RNA, ATP
Organic macromolecules: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids
Oils
Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature.
Peptide Bond
Covalent bond though the removal of water that links two amino acids from each other’s acid end together to form a polypeptide chain.
Phosphate Group
Negative charge chemical group composed of a phosphorous bonded to three/four oxygen.
Phospholipids
Triglyceride, Lipid molecules with a Hydrophilic head and Hydrophobic tail, respectively. And are the building blocks of the cell membrane.
Photosynthesis
The process of turning Solar Energy into Biochemical energy stored in the form of glucose or other carbohydrates.
Polar Covalenty Bonded
The unequal sharing of Electrons causing a slightly positive and a slightly negative charge on the side of the molecules.
Polymers
Class of natural or synthetic substances composed of macomolecules.
Cellulose, Collagen, Starch, DNA
Polysaccharides
Chain of Monosaccharides bonded together.
Primary Structure
Sequence of Amino Acids in a protein.
Proteins
Polymers made up of Amino Acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins play fundamental roles in the structure, function, and regulation of cells and tissues in living organisms.
Quaternary Structure
Highest level of protein structure that describes the arrangement of polypeptide chains to form a functional, biologically active protein.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Single-strand nucleic acid consisting of a chain of nucleotides.
Ribosomes
Macromolecular machines that are found in all cells and are responsible for protein synthesis. These complexes serve as the machinery for translating the genetic information encoded in RNA into functional proteins.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Construction site where the protein is made
Seconday Structure
Natural tendency for polypeptides to coil or pleat. A behavior driven by hydrogen bonding between R-Groups.
Tertiary Structure
Seconday structure of a protein being folded into a three–dimensional configuration.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
“Truck” delivering the proper amino acid to the site at the right time.
Triglyceride
Type of lipid, most abudant in the human body. Consisting of 3 Fatty Acid molecules.
