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Gr. 10 Anthropology, Sociology, and Psychology > Terms - Psychology > Flashcards

Terms - Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the difference between psychology and anthropology?

A

Anthropology studies humanity across time and place, psychology’s early questions focused on the study of the mind and the behaviours that result from what goes on in it.

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2
Q

Analytical psychology

A

A branch of psychology founded by Carl Jung, based on the idea that balancing a person’s psyche would allow the person to reach his or her full potential.

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3
Q

Archetypes

A

Universal symbols that tend to reappear over time; includes models of people, behaviours, and personalities.

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest and most developed portion of the brain, which is responsible for controlling memory, understanding, and logic.

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus.

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6
Q

Client-centred therapy

A

A humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client plays an active role.

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7
Q

Cognition

A

The mental processes in the brain associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering.

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8
Q

Collective unconscious

A

The shared, inherited pool of memories from our ancestors.

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9
Q

Conditioned response

A

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

An originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditional stimulus

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11
Q

Conscious

A

Information that we are always aware of; our conscious mind performs the thinking when we take in new information.

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12
Q

Correlation

A

A measure that indicates a relationship between two factors but does not indicate causation; in a positive correlation, one variable goes up precisely as the other goes up; in a negative correlation, one variable goes up precisely as the other goes down

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13
Q

Defense mechanism

A

The ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety

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14
Q

Extinction

A

In operant conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response due to a lack of reinforcement.

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15
Q

Fixation

A

The continued focus on an earlier stage of psychosexual development due to an unresolved conflict at the oral, anal, or phallic stage.

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16
Q

Free association

A

A method used in psychoanalysis where a patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind.

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17
Q

Identity crisis

A

A time in a teenager’s life filled with extreme self/consciousness as he or she attempts to test and integrate various roles.

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18
Q

Logotherapy

A

A form of psychotherapy that tries to help the patient find the aim and meaning of his or her own life as a human being without accessing the medical aspect of mental health.

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19
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Psychologists who modified Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to include social and cultural aspects.

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20
Q

Neuroscientist

A

A scientist who specializes in the study of the human brain.

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21
Q

Neurotic disorder

A

A mental disorder involving anxiety and fear.

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22
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behaviour.

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23
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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24
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Sigmund Freud’s theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life.

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25
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

An approach to therapy that focuses on resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings.

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26
Q

Self-actualization

A

Reaching one’s full potential; occurs only after basic physical and psychological needs are met.

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27
Q

Unconditioned response

A

The natural response to an unconditioned stimulus.

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28
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

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29
Q

Unconscious

A

Information processing in our mind that we are not aware of; according to Freud, it holds our unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories; according to Jung, it included patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all.
(The most influential factor of personality)

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30
Q

Id

A

Present at birth, unconscious energy from basic aggressive and sexual drives.
(Operating from the pleasure principle -> demands immediate gratification)

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31
Q

Superego

A

Internalized ideals and standard for judgement (develops as child interacts with parents, peers, and society)

Strong superego -> someone virtuous yet guilt-ridden

Weak superego -> gives into urges and imposes without regard for rules

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32
Q

Ego

A

Mediator between superego and id that makes decisions.

(Operating from the reality principle)

Represents good sense and reason.

33
Q

Denial

A

Claiming/believing that what is true to be actually false.

34
Q

Displacement

A

Redirecting emotions to a substitute target.

35
Q

Intellectualization

A

Taking an objective viewpoint.

36
Q

Projection

A

Attributing uncomfortable feelings to others.

Transference

37
Q

Rationalization

A

Creating false but credible justifications

38
Q

Reaction formation

A

Overacting in the opposite way to the fear

39
Q

Regression

A

Going back to acting as a child

40
Q

Repression

A

Pushing uncomfortable thoughts into he subconscious.

41
Q

Sublimation

A

Redirecting ‘wrong’ urges into socially acceptable actions.

42
Q

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A

A type of developmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and overactivity.

43
Q

Attribution theory

A

The belief that a person’s behaviour is the result of his or her disposition or an external situation.

44
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

The theory that people are motivated to reduce the discomfort they feel when their behaviour doesn’t match their attitude.

45
Q

Cyberpsychology

A

A new field of psychology that studies the influences of technology.

46
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that carries genetic information in all living systems and provides the most basic explanation of the laws of genetics.

47
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

The idea that our physiological needs create drives that need to be reduced, which motivate us to satisfy this need.

48
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform a task due to external factors, such as a reward or the threat of punishment.

49
Q

Extroversion

A

Directing one’s interests outward, especially toward social contacts.

50
Q

Factor analysis

A

A statistical technique that identifies patterns of related test items (factors)

51
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of social influences when analyzing the behaviour of others.

52
Q

Gender identity

A

An individual’s sense of being male or female.

53
Q

Heredity

A

Physical characteristics and aspects of personality and behaviour that are passed down genetically from your relatives.

54
Q

Instinct theory

A

The theory that involuntary and unlearned processes direct our behaviours

55
Q

Intelligence

A

A person’s ability to solve problems and reason effectively; a social construct used to explain why some people are better than others at cognitive tasks.

56
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform a task for its own sake.

57
Q

Introversion

A

Directing one’s interests inward.

58
Q

Negativity bias

A

The tendency to recall and react to unpleasant events more easily than positive ones.

59
Q

Phobia

A

Anxiety about a specific object, activity, or situation.

60
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder

A

A type of anxiety disorder characterized by the reliving of a traumatic event through flashbacks and nightmares.

61
Q

Psychotic disorder

A

A broad term that indicates severe mental disorder characterized by a break from reality.

62
Q

Free association

A

A process where a patient talks freely and randomly about their thoughts and feelings under the guidance of a therapist.

63
Q

Cortex

A

Surface of the brain

64
Q

Phrenology

A

The pseudoscientific theory that first led other scientists to wonder if there were specialization in the brain.

65
Q

The brain stem

A

Bottom portion of brain, extension of spinal cord

Medulla, midbrain, thalamus

66
Q

The limbic system

A

Surrounds brain stem

Emotion, motivation, memory

(Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus)

67
Q

The cerebral cortex

A

Outer covering of mammalian brain

Higher processes are mediated

68
Q

Erotogenic zones

A

Areas of the body capable of producing sexual pleasure when stimulated.

69
Q

Oedipal conflict/Electra conflict

A

A boy (phallic stage) seeking the love of his mother but he perceives that she is already taken by his father.

Vice versa for girls

70
Q

Maturational process

A

Piaget- believed that there are specific steps of development that children follow, as a natural process (maturational process)

71
Q

Cognitive structures

A

Made up of concepts of schemas.

Schema- sets of rules, groupings, and representations that help us to understand people, places, things, situations, etc.

(He believed we learn by either assimilating things into existing schemas or by building new schemas.

72
Q

Epigenetic principle

A

Erikson- Each stage has its optimal time that must not be tampered with, and that children pass through these stages at their own pace.

73
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

After behaviour is extinguished (extinction), if the CS and UCS were paired together again, the animals would acquire the conditional response very rapidly

74
Q

Shaping (Skinner)

A

A technique skinner developed to reinforce any behaviour that successively approximates the desired behaviour. After a time, only the EXACT behaviour is reinforced.

75
Q

Monozygotic

A

Twins that came from the same zygote (fertilized ova)

IDENTICAL TWINS - share 100% genetic code

76
Q

Dizygotic

A

Twins that came from 2 separate sperm and ova

FRATERNAL - same amount of genetic code as siblings

77
Q

Concordance

A

Similarity shared between twins.

78
Q

Innate

A

Traits that are linked to genetic

Gr. 10 Anthropology, Sociology, and Psychology (3 decks)

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