Terms From Slides Flashcards
Supine
Lying on back
Prone
Lying on belly
Trendelenburg
Legs up
Left/Right Lateral
Lying on your left/right side
Semi-prone
Lying on either side
Stable Vital Signs
Vital signs are remaining the same as baseline set
Coffee-Ground Emesis
Sign of upper GI bleeding
Hematochezia
Stool containing bright red blood ie. hemorrhoids
Hematuria
Renal injury or illness
Eccymosis
Purple bluish coloring under the skin, localized blood collection
Hematoma
A localized collection of blood in the soft tissues after injury (bump not a bruise)
Peripheral Pulses
Strength is related to stroke volume and pulse pressure
Pulse Pressure
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
Stroke Volume
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
Cardiac Output
Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
CO = SV x HR
Mitochondria
Metabolic center or powerhouse of the cell. Small and rod shaped
Golgi Complex
Synthesis and packaging of various carbohydrates and protein molecules (enzymes)
Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes
Ribosomes
Contain RNA and protein
Peroxisomes
Neutralize toxins, such as alcohol. Found in liver.
Baroreceptors
Respond to changes in blood pressure, located in carotid artery, aorta and kidneys.
Baroreceptors respond to any decreased stretch, mainly in kidneys.
Glycolysis
Process of the breakdown of glucose to ATP
Anaerobic Pathway
The absence of oxygen -> lactic acid. Oxygen can later convert lactic acid back to pyruvic acid otherwise it diffuses to the liver and is metabolized. (body converts to anaerobic when it doesn’t have enough Oxygen)
Aerobic Pathway
Oxygen -> acytel coenzyme A -> citric acid cycle (releases CO2, NADH to the ETS)
Kreb’s Cycle
Breakdown of COA, NAD, FAD released and combined with energized electrons -> ETS -> ATP
Virus
Takes over metabolic process of a host cell and uses the host cell to replicate it
Bacteria
They possess a capsule that protects them from ingestion and destruction
Phagocyte
A white blood cell that engulfs and consumes foreign material such as microorganisms and cellular debris
Apoptosis
Normal cell death
Pyrogens
Released by white blood cells and causes fever to develop
Basophils
Contain histamine granules releases during inflammatory and allergic response
Eosinophils
Release substances that damage or kill parasitic invaders
Neutrophils
Most abundant white blood cell, protect against infection, and destroy foreign antigens
Monocytes
Mature in blood where they differentiate into macrophages (scavengers for the tissues)
Lymphocytes
Mediate the acquired immune response. 2 types: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
Mast Cells
Play a roll in allergic reactions, immunity and wound healing
Native Immunity
Natural immunity, non specific cellular and antibody response that operates as the first line of defense against pathogens
Acquired Immunity
Adaptive immunity, arises when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to that invader
Cell-Mediated Immunity
T-cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and contribute to the immune response by either secreting cytokines or becoming cytotoxic and killing infected cells.
Humoral Immunity
B-cell lymphocytes produce antibodies, react with a certain antigen, have a compliment of 20 proteins circulating until needed.
Perfusion
Delivery of Oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes for the cells, organs and tissues via circulatory system
Hypoperfusion
Occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal
Shock
Abnormal state associated with inadequate Oxygen and nutrient delivery to the metabolic apparatus of the cell, resulting in impairment of cell metabolism and inadequate cell perfusion of vital organs
Central Shock
Cardiogenic
Obstructive
Peripheral Shock
Hypovolemic
Distributive
RAAS System
A system in your body that causes your body to retain salt and water, causing a rise in blood pressure.
Compensated Shock Signs and Symptoms
Agitation, anxiety, restlessness
Sense of impending doom
Weak, rapid pulse
Cool, clammy, pale skin
Short of breath
Thirst
Normal blood pressure
Decompensated Shock Signs and Symptoms
Altered mental status
Labored breathing
Thready or absent peripheral pulses
Ashen, mottled or cyanotic skin
Impending cardiac arrest
Hypotension
Injuries Caused by MVC’s
Head injuries
Hyperflexion spinal injuries
Soft tissue injuries
Disk herniation
Muscle and ligament stretching/damage
Injuries Caused by Falls
Foot and lower extremity fractures
Hip fracture
Spinal injuries
Wrist and forearm fractures (Colle’s fracture)
Axial loading fractures specifically from diving injuries
Trauma Assessment First Step
EMCA (don’t forget PPE)
Trauma Assessment Second Step
General impressions/uncontrolled bleeds? C-Spine control
Trauma Assessment Third Step
Initial assessment, ABC’s (don’t forget skin)
Trauma Assessment Fourth Step
Make your first transport decision. Load and go?
Trauma Assessment Fifth Step
Load and go or focused assessment?
If load and go, rapid trauma assessment
If focused assessment: OPQRST, 5 P’s, treatment, splint, etc.
Once Mobile, First Actions are
Ongoing assessment, LOA, ABC’s, recheck interventions
Radio patch
Detailed physical examination
When is a Full Set of Vitals Done
During focused exam
During a medical assessment
After going mobile during your ongoing exam
After your rapid trauma survey, if you decide it was not a load and go
Normal Adult Heartrate
60-100 BPM
Bradycardia
<60 BPM
Tachycardia
> 100 BPM
Normal Respiratory Rate for Adults
12 - 16 breaths per minute
Bradypnea
Slow respiratory rate
Tachypnea
Fast respiratory rate (>28 breaths/minute)
Hypotension in Adults
<90 mm Hg
Normotension in Adults
> 100 mm Hg
Hypertension
High BP
Hypotension
Low BP
PEARRL
Pupils
Equal
And
Round
Regular in size
reactive to Light
Skin - 3 Areas (Vitals)
Color - pink, pale, cyanotic, ashen
Condition - dry, clammy, diaphoretic
Temperature - hot, cool, warm
Normal Temperature
36.1-37.2 degrees Celsius
BLS Fever
> 38.5 degrees Celsius
Hypothermia
Low body temp
Hyperthermia
High body temp
SPO2 Normal Range
97-100%
Lung Sounds (what are the correct terms)
Upper right
Upper left
Lower right
Lower left
Right apices
Left apices
Right base
Left base
GCS Eyes
Eye opening response (1-4)
4. Spontaneously
3. To speech
2. To pain
1. No response
GCS Verbal
Verbal response (1-5)
5. Oriented to time, person and place
4. Confused
3. Inappropriate words
2. Incomprehensible sounds
1. No response
GCS Motor
Motor Response (1-6)
6. Obeys commands
5. Moves to localized pain
4. Flex to withdraw from pain
3. Abnormal flexion
2. Abnormal extension
1. No response
