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terms for final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do we reconstruct diet?

A

dental anatomy/morphology
mastication system (levers)
wear patterns
isotopes

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2
Q

dental anatomy: methods and what they tell us

A

size of teeth, thickness of enamel, cusp or sharp teeth
tells us what they ate

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3
Q

mastication system: methods and what they tell us

A

chewing apparatus of the mandible and skull
lever system
speed and force are traded off for each other: more force, slower/less force, faster

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4
Q

wear patterns: methods and what they tell us

A

how the food that something eats wears on its teeth
small scratches/pits/dents
phytoliths
enables identification of plants alive at the time
more scratches = folivore
more pits = frugivore
lots of pits = brittle diet

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5
Q

isotopes (C3 and C4 vegetation): methods and what they tell us

A

grasslands = almost all c4 plants
forests = c3
tells us where they lived, what they ate

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6
Q

main differences between australopithecus and paranthropus diets

A

austra: megadont, strong mastication, more scratches, 30% c4
para: HYPERmegadont, powerful mastication, more pits, 30% c4

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7
Q

fallback foods and adaptation

A
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8
Q

earliest evidence of stone tools & cut marks

A

stone tools: 3.3mya in Lomekwi, Kenya
cut marks: 3.4mya in Dikika, Ethiopia

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9
Q

earliest specimen of homo

A

2.8mya
no chin, 610-750cc, reduced dentition, small body size, australopith body proportions

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10
Q

the habilines (gen. characteristics)

A

obligate bipeds
still some arboreality
larger brained than austra
tool making
humanlike thumb, wrist bones
precision grip

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11
Q

how much variation is there within a single species? ways to assess

A

coefficient of variation
qualitative characteristics (do they follow a normal mammalian pattern of sexual dimorphism?)
supra-orbital torus
supra-orbital sulcus
temporalis origin
nuchal origin
canine size
prognathism

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12
Q

homo habilis

A

dates: 2.3-1.65mya
locations: all of eastern africa (esp. koobi fora)
important derived traits: humanlike thumb and wrist bones, curved phalanges, long arms, mod. encephalization, less post orbital constriction

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13
Q

homo rudolfensis

A

dates: 2.4? 1.9mya
locations: malawi
important derived traits: generally less robust, slightly bigger teeth and palate, still more gracile

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14
Q

the erectines: dates & locations

A

dates: 2.1mya - 117kya
locations: old world distribution minus australia

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15
Q

erectines: one or two species?

A

qualitative traits:
scores 0-5, too much variation for one species
quantitative traits:
measurements, NOT too much variation for one species

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16
Q

homo erectus (sensu lato)

A

important derived traits: much encephalization, long + low cranium, full facial prognathism, crazy brow bone, slightly external nose

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17
Q

endurance running hypothesis

A
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18
Q

persistence hunting hypothesis

A
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19
Q

expensive tissue hypothesis

A
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20
Q

stone tool (lithic) technologies

A
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21
Q

hypotheses for pan-african and eurasian dispersal of homo erectus

A

intrinsic:
- large body size X
- humanlike intermembral index
- large brain
- tool use X
- increased meat consumption
extrinsic:
- escape from disease X
- normal mammalian dispersal X
- following predators X
- following prey X
- demographic pressure
- environmental pressure

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22
Q

homo heidelbergensis

A

dates: 600 ka - 200 ka
locations: whole European region

23
Q

dispersal hypotheses

A

multiregional hypothesis
recent african origins

24
Q

multiregional hypothesis

A

dispersing through globe, evolving into different species
NO archeological evidence
genetic evidence against it as well

25
Q

recent african origins hypothesis

A

actually supported archeologically and genetically
might be called out of africa 2
recently dispersed about 100k years ago

26
Q

homo neanderthalensis

A

dates: ~230 - 30ka
locations:
important derived traits: massive face, ginormous nasal aperture, full nasal prognathism, occipital bun, swept back zygomatics, heavy wear on front teeth, no chin, large body mass, intermembral index ~70
lithic technologies: mousterian and levallois technique; evidence for thrusting weapons, not throwing
diet: very very carnivorous, very hyper-enriched with nitrogen
hunting: dist. of injuries similar to rodeo wranglers; so many injuries
art
burial of dead
speech

27
Q

the hobbit: homo floresiensis

A

dates: ~100 - 60ka
locations: liang bua, flores island
important derived traits: small brains, slightly prognathic, no chins, much more anterior arms, humerus with little torsion, long arms, flaring iliac blade, short femur, long feet (hobbit), austra. body proportions but with larger feet
stone tools

28
Q

hypotheses regarding h. floresiensis

A

pathological
island dwarf form of h. erectus
evolved from species before h. erectus

29
Q

which hypothesis regarding h. floresiensis is best supported and why? (evidence for and against each)

A

pathological: NO, very obviously not human
island dwarf: possible, island phenomenon
evolved from species before h. erectus: absence of evidence

30
Q

homo sapiens

A

dates: 315 (195)ka - present
locations: i guess everywhere
important derived traits: massive cranial capacity, short skull from front to back, tall skull from top to bottom, orthognathic, chin!, vertical forehead, canine fossa, pilaster on femur, blade tools, art!, first to use projectile weaponry

31
Q

timing of h. sapiens dispersals

A

africa: 60k years ago, maybe 315-233ka
middle east: israel 100ka
australia: 60ka
asia: 40-60ka
europe: ~40ka
the americas: 21ka?

32
Q

what is forensics

A

study of anything related to legal settings/the use of scientific methods in solving crimes and in legal settings

33
Q

why are statistics so important for forensics?

A

use stats to analyze ancestry for skeletons

34
Q

discriminant function analysis

A

allows for classification of unknowns
plots on graph

35
Q

identification of the 4 main biological identifiers

A

ancestry: frequency of specific traits in populations
sex: sex is not binary, also difficult to classify; skull and pelvis analysis
age: easy-ish, especially with teeth
stature: measure parts contributing to height with full skeleton

36
Q

idiosyncratic variation

A

health identifiers
specific to individuals
osteoma button
perforations
sternal aperture

37
Q

behavioral indicators

A

must be forceful and repeated, such as bull riding or squatting facets

38
Q

pathology & disease

A

stress causes different things such as tooth or bone growth pauses; disease can cause different things such as attempts to encase infection to prevent spread, angling of bones such as in arthritis, etc

39
Q

identification of the individual

A

dental records, reconstruction

40
Q

are humans still evolving?

A

yeah obvi

41
Q

can we predict evolution?

A

no

42
Q

recent examples of evolution

A

bed bugs developing resistance to insecticides, bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics

43
Q

mutations

A

omicron subvariants, autism, tusklessness in elephants

44
Q

genetic engineering types

A

reproductive, gene therapy, GMOs, genetic enhancement

45
Q

genetic engineering ethics

A

reproductive is full of ethical issues; led to eugenics which is racist and ableist, designer babies, etc
costs & profits: black market, insurance, pharmaceuticals, could widen economic class gap

46
Q

how does genetic engineering work?

A

removes or inserts new information in specific parts of DNA

47
Q

types of cloning

A

reproductive, therapeutic, stem cells
produce, houseplants

48
Q

how does cloning work?

A

reproductive: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), transfer nuclear DNA to enucleated egg
therapeutic: induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells

49
Q

stem cells

A
50
Q

cyborgs

A

cybernetic organisms; most common in our population: cochlear implants, fake hearts, prosthetics, etc

51
Q

nanotechnology

A
52
Q

how to measure intelligence

A

iq test i guess

53
Q

the flynn effect

A
54
Q

engineering smarter people?

A

bio anthro (3 decks)

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