Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio anthro > terms for exam 1 > Flashcards

terms for exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

evolution

A

Changes in allele frequency in a population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

allele

A

gene variants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

populations

A

group of potentially interbreeding individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

main four forces of evolution

A

mutation
gene flow
genetic drift
natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mutation

A

arguably most important; produces new random traits and variations in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gene flow

A

genes flowing through multiple populations of a species via individual carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

genetic drift

A

caused by separation of population; can be a random shift in allele frequency; also more frequently occurs in restricted gene pools such as in rural areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

natural selection

A

something causes a variation of individuals to not survive, and the others continue to reproduce more and shifts the gene pool/allele group. often caused by times of hardships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection

A
  1. must be variation in a trait
  2. must be inherited and able to be passed on
  3. must confer differential reproductive success
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which increase variation in a population?

A

gene flow and mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which decrease variation in a population?

A

genetic drift and natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

adaptation

A

a trait that confers a higher benefit than cost; not always perfect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

other processes of evolution

A

sexual selection: selection by one sex of a species and increases competition; results in sexual dimorphism
artificial selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

charting evolution (directions of selection)

A

graphing change in allele frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stabilizing selection

A

population stays stable, reduced variability by selecting against extremes
/ _ -> __/\_

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

directional selection

A

selection for alleles at one extreme of the original distribution

/_ -> /\_

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

disruptive selection

A

selection against the mean

_/_ -> /_/\

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

definition of science

A

a way of knowing; a way to approach the world and understand it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

scientific method

A

observation
hypothesis
hypothesis testing
results
support/refute
revision
reproduction
peer review
theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

scientific article (primary literature)

A

written by scientist, published in scientific journals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

popular press and science

A

typically made more understandable and digestible to the general public; typically not entirely correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

anthropology

A

the study of humankind involving evolutional history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cultural anthropology

A

study living people, usually live with the group of people they’re studying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

linguistic anthropology

A

study language, including spoken and written. study the change of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

archaeology

A

study of past cultures, including very recently past cultures. gather info on a culture based on their remnants such as houses or tools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

biological anthropology

A

also called physical anthropology. study biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, extinct hominin ancestors, and non-human primates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

anthrozoology

A

interaction between humans and animals, how they interact; primarily domestics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

biocultural

A

combo of cultural and bio anthro, interested in behaviors (why do people do what they do)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

evolutionary

A

application of evolutionary theory to anthro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

forensic anthro

A

use of scientific study of human remains to solve potential crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

molecular anthro

A

study of small things, typically ancient DNA to track dispersal of humans across Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

neurological anthro

A

study of cranial change over time; how did brains grow and change throughout an individual’s life and over time evolutionarily

34
Q

nutritional anthro

A

how does our food impact our biology and culture; how food inequality and inaccessibility affect areas and contribute to preventable deaths

35
Q

paleoanthropology

A

study of human evolution

36
Q

primatology

A

figure out our closest relatives; how they relate to us

37
Q

DNA as inheritence

A
38
Q

DNA to traits

A

codon > amino acid > polypeptide chain > protein > gene > trait

39
Q

codon

A

any combo of GCA
1 codon = 1 amino acid

40
Q

DNA structure

A

double helix
base pairs + sugar molecule + phosphate molecule

41
Q

DNA functions

A

self-replication
somatic cells - mitosis
sex cells - meiosis
protein synthesis
structural proteins
enzymatic proteins
regulatory mechanisms

42
Q

mendel’s pea plant experiments

A

identified simple inheritance

43
Q

genotype

A

genetic material (alleles)

44
Q

phenotype

A

observable trait

45
Q

monogenic trait & discontinuous variation

A

monogenetic: one gene for one trait

46
Q

polygenic trait & continuous variation

A

multiple genes for one trait

47
Q

pleiotropic trait

A

one gene for many traits

48
Q

dominant

A

allele that is expressed phenotypically

49
Q

recessive

A

allele not phenotypically expressed unless you have two copies of it

50
Q

codominant

A

both alleles are expressed

51
Q

punnett square

A

formula for discerning allele frequency

52
Q

homozygous

A

AA, aa

53
Q

heterozygous

A

Aa, aA

54
Q

ex of traits of simple inheritance

A

cleft chin, attached earlobes

55
Q

balanced polymorphism

A

AA = normal, no sickle cell
aa = sickle cell anemia
Aa = sickle cell trait = malaria resistivity, heterozygous advantage

56
Q

skin functions

A

protection from damage
thermoregulation
sensory perception
immunoresponse
excretion of salts and some waste products
synthesis of vitamin d

57
Q

skin structure

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue

58
Q

epidermis

A

protection, squamous cells, melanocytes

59
Q

dermis

A

blood vessels, nerves, gland cells, hair follicles, erector pili muscles

60
Q

UVR

A

UVA: longer wavelength, tanning, penetrates the subcue

UVB: shorter wavelength, sunburns, simulates vitamin b, common on equator

61
Q

eye color: pleiotropy? adaptation?

A
62
Q

how to organize myriad lifeforms

A

great chain

63
Q

linnaean hierarchy

A

kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>genus>species

64
Q

species (biological)

A

species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

65
Q

species (phylogenetic)

A

a group of organisms who all possess a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits AND share a common last ancestor

66
Q

species variation

A

evolution from one species into another

67
Q

monotypic species

A

though individual members of the species vary greatly, the variation is CLINAL, with no obvious division lines (due to continuous gene flow)

68
Q

polytopic species

A

two or more groups within a species that are distinct form one another yet may still hybridize. sub-species or races

69
Q

ring species

A

special type of polytypic species; species spread out across large landscape with different climate pressures and end up with two versions of the same species that can’t reproduce

70
Q

phylogeny and cladistics

A

pertains to how we know species are related

71
Q

common ancestor

A
72
Q

speciation/branching event

A
73
Q

descendant

A
74
Q

sister taxa

A
75
Q

primitive (plesiomorphic)

A

original trait, less evolved

76
Q

derived (apomorphic)

A

more evolutionary changes such as bipedalism

77
Q

character state

A
78
Q

homology

A

similar morphology due to shared ancestor

79
Q

homoplasy

A

similar morphology due to convergence

80
Q

coding

A
81
Q

cladogram

A

tree

82
Q

chronogram

A

bio anthro (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions