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terms for exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

Changes in allele frequency in a population over time

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2
Q

allele

A

gene variants

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3
Q

populations

A

group of potentially interbreeding individuals

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4
Q

main four forces of evolution

A

mutation
gene flow
genetic drift
natural selection

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5
Q

mutation

A

arguably most important; produces new random traits and variations in a population

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6
Q

gene flow

A

genes flowing through multiple populations of a species via individual carriers

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7
Q

genetic drift

A

caused by separation of population; can be a random shift in allele frequency; also more frequently occurs in restricted gene pools such as in rural areas

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8
Q

natural selection

A

something causes a variation of individuals to not survive, and the others continue to reproduce more and shifts the gene pool/allele group. often caused by times of hardships

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9
Q

3 necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection

A
  1. must be variation in a trait
  2. must be inherited and able to be passed on
  3. must confer differential reproductive success
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10
Q

which increase variation in a population?

A

gene flow and mutation

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11
Q

which decrease variation in a population?

A

genetic drift and natural selection

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12
Q

adaptation

A

a trait that confers a higher benefit than cost; not always perfect

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13
Q

other processes of evolution

A

sexual selection: selection by one sex of a species and increases competition; results in sexual dimorphism
artificial selection

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14
Q

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

A
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15
Q

charting evolution (directions of selection)

A

graphing change in allele frequency

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16
Q

stabilizing selection

A

population stays stable, reduced variability by selecting against extremes
/ _ -> __/\_

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17
Q

directional selection

A

selection for alleles at one extreme of the original distribution

/_ -> /\_

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18
Q

disruptive selection

A

selection against the mean

_/_ -> /_/\

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19
Q

definition of science

A

a way of knowing; a way to approach the world and understand it

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20
Q

scientific method

A

observation
hypothesis
hypothesis testing
results
support/refute
revision
reproduction
peer review
theory

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21
Q

scientific article (primary literature)

A

written by scientist, published in scientific journals

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22
Q

popular press and science

A

typically made more understandable and digestible to the general public; typically not entirely correct

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23
Q

anthropology

A

the study of humankind involving evolutional history

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24
Q

cultural anthropology

A

study living people, usually live with the group of people they’re studying

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25
linguistic anthropology
study language, including spoken and written. study the change of language
26
archaeology
study of past cultures, including very recently past cultures. gather info on a culture based on their remnants such as houses or tools
27
biological anthropology
also called physical anthropology. study biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, extinct hominin ancestors, and non-human primates
28
anthrozoology
interaction between humans and animals, how they interact; primarily domestics
29
biocultural
combo of cultural and bio anthro, interested in behaviors (why do people do what they do)
30
evolutionary
application of evolutionary theory to anthro
31
forensic anthro
use of scientific study of human remains to solve potential crimes
32
molecular anthro
study of small things, typically ancient DNA to track dispersal of humans across Earth
33
neurological anthro
study of cranial change over time; how did brains grow and change throughout an individual's life and over time evolutionarily
34
nutritional anthro
how does our food impact our biology and culture; how food inequality and inaccessibility affect areas and contribute to preventable deaths
35
paleoanthropology
study of human evolution
36
primatology
figure out our closest relatives; how they relate to us
37
DNA as inheritence
38
DNA to traits
codon > amino acid > polypeptide chain > protein > gene > trait
39
codon
any combo of GCA 1 codon = 1 amino acid
40
DNA structure
double helix base pairs + sugar molecule + phosphate molecule
41
DNA functions
self-replication somatic cells - mitosis sex cells - meiosis protein synthesis structural proteins enzymatic proteins regulatory mechanisms
42
mendel's pea plant experiments
identified simple inheritance
43
genotype
genetic material (alleles)
44
phenotype
observable trait
45
monogenic trait & discontinuous variation
monogenetic: one gene for one trait
46
polygenic trait & continuous variation
multiple genes for one trait
47
pleiotropic trait
one gene for many traits
48
dominant
allele that is expressed phenotypically
49
recessive
allele not phenotypically expressed unless you have two copies of it
50
codominant
both alleles are expressed
51
punnett square
formula for discerning allele frequency
52
homozygous
AA, aa
53
heterozygous
Aa, aA
54
ex of traits of simple inheritance
cleft chin, attached earlobes
55
balanced polymorphism
AA = normal, no sickle cell aa = sickle cell anemia Aa = sickle cell trait = malaria resistivity, heterozygous advantage
56
skin functions
protection from damage thermoregulation sensory perception immunoresponse excretion of salts and some waste products synthesis of vitamin d
57
skin structure
epidermis dermis subcutaneous tissue
58
epidermis
protection, squamous cells, melanocytes
59
dermis
blood vessels, nerves, gland cells, hair follicles, erector pili muscles
60
UVR
UVA: longer wavelength, tanning, penetrates the subcue UVB: shorter wavelength, sunburns, simulates vitamin b, common on equator
61
eye color: pleiotropy? adaptation?
62
how to organize myriad lifeforms
great chain
63
linnaean hierarchy
kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>genus>species
64
species (biological)
species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
65
species (phylogenetic)
a group of organisms who all possess a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits AND share a common last ancestor
66
species variation
evolution from one species into another
67
monotypic species
though individual members of the species vary greatly, the variation is CLINAL, with no obvious division lines (due to continuous gene flow)
68
polytopic species
two or more groups within a species that are distinct form one another yet may still hybridize. sub-species or races
69
ring species
special type of polytypic species; species spread out across large landscape with different climate pressures and end up with two versions of the same species that can't reproduce
70
phylogeny and cladistics
pertains to how we know species are related
71
common ancestor
72
speciation/branching event
73
descendant
74
sister taxa
75
primitive (plesiomorphic)
original trait, less evolved
76
derived (apomorphic)
more evolutionary changes such as bipedalism
77
character state
78
homology
similar morphology due to shared ancestor
79
homoplasy
similar morphology due to convergence
80
coding
81
cladogram
tree
82
chronogram

bio anthro (3 decks)

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