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terms for exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

quadrupedal

A

walks four footed

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2
Q

bipedal

A

walks two-footed

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3
Q

pronograde

A

body parallel to ground

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4
Q

orthograde

A

body at an angle with the ground

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5
Q

foramen magnum position

A

location of hole in which the brain stem meets skull

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6
Q

temporalis muscle attachment location/size

A
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7
Q

masseter muscle attachment location/size

A

main chewing bones
inserts into mandible and goes to top of skull
larger = stronger bite

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8
Q

prognathism

A

a protruding snout; humans are orthognathic

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9
Q

post-orbital constriction

A

skull narrowing behind eyes; humans have weak constriction

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10
Q

cranial capacity

A

size of skull (humans are huge)

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11
Q

canine tooth size

A

can be result of sexual dimorphism; apes have reduced canines

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12
Q

simian shelf or chin

A

chin is wider, more derived than simian shelf (if anyone has more info, pls lmk)

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13
Q

rib cage shape

A

in quadrupeds ribcage is narrower, bipeds wider

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14
Q

scapula position and glenoid fossa orientation

A

scapulae on side facing down for pronograde quadrupeds, on back pointing towards side in orthograde quadrupeds/bipeds

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15
Q

vertebral column shape

A

quadrupeds have a straighter spine, with only a small curve; bipeds have an s curved spine

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16
Q

length of lumbar region

A

below branch suspensory = shorterlumbar region, above branch and ground dwellers have longer lumbar region

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17
Q

length and strength of hands

A

branch dwelling primates have longer hands

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18
Q

curvature of fingers

A

grabbing on to branches - much longer and more curved
ground dwelling primates have flatter feet and hands

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19
Q

apical tuft

A

fingertips - primates have fingernails and humans especially have wide fingertips for grasping

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20
Q

pelvis shape and orientation

A

tall, skinny in quadrupeds, at an angle
short and wide in bipeds, straight up and down

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21
Q

gluteal muscles location & hip stabilization

A

hip stabilizing muscles on sides in bipeds, on back for quadrupeds

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22
Q

relative length of arms and legs

A

quadrupeds tend to have relatively equal length arms and legs
term to know: intermembral index

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23
Q

femur - valgus angle and femoral neck angle

A

humans are knock-kneed to maintain center of gravity
femoral neck is at more of an angle in bipeds

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24
Q

length and curvature of feet

A

ground dwellers have much flatter feet; tree dwellers have more curved feet

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25
abducted or adducted hallux (big toe)
abducted = opposable big toe, ABDucted by aliens adducted = stuck in place, ADDed and locked in
26
double-arched foot in humans
bottom and side of foot
27
deep time
galaxy formation, age of our universe etc
28
geological time
formation of earth, interested in most recent 65m years
29
origin of life on earth
meteorites? abiogenesis
30
plate tectonics
moving around of the outer surface of the earth
31
continental drift
pangaea!
32
stratigraphy & the law of superposition
study of strata (layers) that form over time as time passes, more layers form fossils from lower stratas are older
33
how do fossils form?
depositional environment: lakes, rivers, bogs, sand = good for preservation open, unprotected = bad for preservation unusual (but awesome) = ice (frozen, bogs, very dry deserts)
34
taphonomy
study of what happens to organic remains from the time of death through the entire burial process
35
breakage and plastic deformation
jagged ends, deformation of bones
36
cut marks, tooth marks
usually straight lines
37
root and insect activity
38
finding fossils
continental rifting, caves, survey
39
dating methods
absolute and relative
40
absolute dating methods
radiometric: argon-argon (dates volcanic remains, up to 50,000 years, tracks parent->daughter isotopes), carbon-14 (tracks carbon, less than 50,000 years) dendrochronology (tree rings)
41
relative dating methods
biostratigraphy (dating via nearby dated fossil), magnetostratigraphy (tracks change in earth magnetization)
42
shared and derived traits of primates
post-orbital wall/bar forward facing eyes and stereoscopic vision grasping feet & hands with nails encephalization k-selected
43
recognizing earliest primates
genetics, comparative method, molecular clock, paleontology
44
the paleocene
66-56mya plesiadapids: basal form of primates, small body, small brains, non-forward facing eyes unspecialized specialized primate
45
the eocene
55-34mya earth heats up euprimate radiation adapids - most primitive, lemur-like omomyids - tarsier-like late eocene = dramatic cooling, increased plant biodiversity, euprimate radiation slows
46
the oligocene
34-23mya monkey (anthropoidea) radiation aegytopithecus good model for stem monkey frugivore no appearance of original primates
47
oldest ape
rukwapithecus
48
miocene
23-5mya ape (hominoidea) radiation earliest apes very warm then cools
49
what is significant about proconsul
parahominoidea no tail bilophodont - two bump tooth limbs equal length scapula oriented downward less of a snout slower maturation
50
what is significant about dryopithecus
euhominoidea 13-9 mya in europe undisputed age post crainia: reduced lumbar vertebrae, ribcage wide side to side, scapula on back, arms long compared to legs, flexible wrists (ulnar deviation), hands capable of powerful grip
51
what is significant about sivapithecus
10.5-7.5 mya in india/pakistan ancestral to orangutans (similar cranial features, post-crania more monkeylike)
52
pattern of ape dispersal and biogeography through the miocene
evolved from africa -> dispersal into eurasia ~17 mya, split into hominines (dryopithecus) and pongines (sivepithecus) -> back into africa and se asia
53
are there gorilla and chimp ancestors?
no :(
54
phylogeny of primates
55
derived traits of prosimians (strepsirrhini)
turning nose (wet) post orbital bar toothcomb and grooming claw above branch
56
derived traits of tarsiers (haplorhini)
simple nose partial post orbital wall
57
derived traits of new world monkeys (platyrrhini)
full post orbital wall flat nosed 3 premolars (2133)
58
derived traits of catarrhini (old world monkeys - cercopithecoidea)
three premolars (2133) bilophodont quadrupeds with many terrestrial species
59
derived traits of catarrhini (humans and apes - hominoidea)
no tail reduced canines y-5 molars wide ribcage supination/pronation posterior scapulae and lateral facing glenoid fossa
60
derived traits of gibbons
hylobatidae true brachiators intermembral index of 130 monogamous
61
derived traits of orangutans
pongidae four-handed climbers intermembral index of 145 solitary with three sexual morphs
62
derived traits of gorillas
knuckle walking intermembral index of 110 one male, many females marked sexual dimorphism
63
derived traits of chimps
knuckle walking intermembral index 107 multi male, multi female reduced sexual dimorphism
64
derived traits of bonobos
knuckle walking intermembral index 107 multi-male, multi-female reduced sexual dimorphism
65
locomotion types
facultative and obligate
66
facultative locomotion
something you CAN do if necessary (crawling for humans)
67
obligate locomotion
something you MUST do (walking bipedally for humans for example)
68
expensive tissue hypothesis
there's a trade off between gut size and brain size
69
what are components of digestive anatomy and what they tell us?
70
different primate diets
insectivore folivore folivore/frugivore frugivore omnivore grazer
71
insectivore
insects sharp teeth for cutting through chiton
72
folivore/folivore-frugivore/frugivore
folivores have sharp shearing cusps for shearing leaf bits (cows of trees), frugivores have blunt, rounded cusps, folivore-frugivores have shearing crests on outside but blunt cusps on inner/midline parts for fruit smashing
73
omnivore
true generalists smaller digestive tract not sharp teeth
74
grazer
scoots on butt across ground and picks through grass for grass seeds
75
costs and benefits of being social
benefits: protection from predators, easier to find resources costs: must have larger habitation, distribution of resources, spread of disease
76
community - what shapes a community?
available environmental resources, competition with other organisms, and the rate and type of reproduction
77
monogamy
one male, one female
78
polygyny
one male, multi females
79
polyandry
multi male, one female
80
last type
multi female, multi male
81
solitary
rare, typically includes parent and offspring. male defends females who live in their range think orangutans
82
copulation costs and benefits from female perspective
costs: medium initial investment (ovum), huge pregnancy investment, huge post-pregnancy investment benefits: assured genetic parentage, limiting resource
83
copulation costs and benefits from male perspective
costs: huge initial investment through female choice and male-male competition, medium initial investment via sperm, little to no investment during pregnancy, typically little investment post-pregnancy, uncertain parentage benefits: idk offspring ?
84
male-male competition
fighting, typically due to female choice in mates, may be to the death
85
female-female competition
typically more indirect, more social in nature
86
cooperations
coalitions kin-selection reciprocal altruism
87
coalitions
females tend to form coalitions in certain species, such as bonobos, where they protect and spread information with each other and are able to be more dominant over males through these coalitions.
88
kin-selection
nepotism !! usually prefer relatives, giving them more prominence or power in a group.
89
reciprocal altruism
giving something like protection with the expectation of receiving it in return. mutual protection, etc. think insurance for humans.
90
what is communication used for?
a lot, such as alerting to danger, calling for mates, etc.
91
do non-human primates possess culture?
yes ! in a biological sense rather than anthropological though. begins as population level characteristics and evolve into changes to intergenerational transmission through genetics or social learning.

bio anthro (3 decks)

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