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bio anthro > terms for exam 2 > Flashcards

terms for exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

quadrupedal

A

walks four footed

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2
Q

bipedal

A

walks two-footed

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3
Q

pronograde

A

body parallel to ground

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4
Q

orthograde

A

body at an angle with the ground

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5
Q

foramen magnum position

A

location of hole in which the brain stem meets skull

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6
Q

temporalis muscle attachment location/size

A
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7
Q

masseter muscle attachment location/size

A

main chewing bones
inserts into mandible and goes to top of skull
larger = stronger bite

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8
Q

prognathism

A

a protruding snout; humans are orthognathic

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9
Q

post-orbital constriction

A

skull narrowing behind eyes; humans have weak constriction

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10
Q

cranial capacity

A

size of skull (humans are huge)

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11
Q

canine tooth size

A

can be result of sexual dimorphism; apes have reduced canines

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12
Q

simian shelf or chin

A

chin is wider, more derived than simian shelf (if anyone has more info, pls lmk)

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13
Q

rib cage shape

A

in quadrupeds ribcage is narrower, bipeds wider

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14
Q

scapula position and glenoid fossa orientation

A

scapulae on side facing down for pronograde quadrupeds, on back pointing towards side in orthograde quadrupeds/bipeds

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15
Q

vertebral column shape

A

quadrupeds have a straighter spine, with only a small curve; bipeds have an s curved spine

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16
Q

length of lumbar region

A

below branch suspensory = shorterlumbar region, above branch and ground dwellers have longer lumbar region

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17
Q

length and strength of hands

A

branch dwelling primates have longer hands

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18
Q

curvature of fingers

A

grabbing on to branches - much longer and more curved
ground dwelling primates have flatter feet and hands

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19
Q

apical tuft

A

fingertips - primates have fingernails and humans especially have wide fingertips for grasping

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20
Q

pelvis shape and orientation

A

tall, skinny in quadrupeds, at an angle
short and wide in bipeds, straight up and down

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21
Q

gluteal muscles location & hip stabilization

A

hip stabilizing muscles on sides in bipeds, on back for quadrupeds

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22
Q

relative length of arms and legs

A

quadrupeds tend to have relatively equal length arms and legs
term to know: intermembral index

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23
Q

femur - valgus angle and femoral neck angle

A

humans are knock-kneed to maintain center of gravity
femoral neck is at more of an angle in bipeds

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24
Q

length and curvature of feet

A

ground dwellers have much flatter feet; tree dwellers have more curved feet

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25
Q

abducted or adducted hallux (big toe)

A

abducted = opposable big toe, ABDucted by aliens
adducted = stuck in place, ADDed and locked in

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26
Q

double-arched foot in humans

A

bottom and side of foot

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27
Q

deep time

A

galaxy formation, age of our universe etc

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28
Q

geological time

A

formation of earth, interested in most recent 65m years

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29
Q

origin of life on earth

A

meteorites? abiogenesis

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30
Q

plate tectonics

A

moving around of the outer surface of the earth

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31
Q

continental drift

A

pangaea!

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32
Q

stratigraphy & the law of superposition

A

study of strata (layers) that form over time
as time passes, more layers form
fossils from lower stratas are older

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33
Q

how do fossils form?

A

depositional environment:
lakes, rivers, bogs, sand = good for preservation
open, unprotected = bad for preservation
unusual (but awesome) = ice (frozen, bogs, very dry deserts)

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34
Q

taphonomy

A

study of what happens to organic remains from the time of death through the entire burial process

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35
Q

breakage and plastic deformation

A

jagged ends, deformation of bones

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36
Q

cut marks, tooth marks

A

usually straight lines

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37
Q

root and insect activity

A
38
Q

finding fossils

A

continental rifting, caves, survey

39
Q

dating methods

A

absolute and relative

40
Q

absolute dating methods

A

radiometric: argon-argon (dates volcanic remains, up to 50,000 years, tracks parent->daughter isotopes), carbon-14 (tracks carbon, less than 50,000 years)
dendrochronology (tree rings)

41
Q

relative dating methods

A

biostratigraphy (dating via nearby dated fossil), magnetostratigraphy (tracks change in earth magnetization)

42
Q

shared and derived traits of primates

A

post-orbital wall/bar
forward facing eyes and stereoscopic vision
grasping feet & hands with nails
encephalization
k-selected

43
Q

recognizing earliest primates

A

genetics, comparative method, molecular clock, paleontology

44
Q

the paleocene

A

66-56mya
plesiadapids: basal form of primates, small body, small brains, non-forward facing eyes
unspecialized specialized primate

45
Q

the eocene

A

55-34mya
earth heats up
euprimate radiation
adapids - most primitive, lemur-like
omomyids - tarsier-like
late eocene = dramatic cooling, increased plant biodiversity, euprimate radiation slows

46
Q

the oligocene

A

34-23mya
monkey (anthropoidea) radiation
aegytopithecus
good model for stem monkey
frugivore
no appearance of original primates

47
Q

oldest ape

A

rukwapithecus

48
Q

miocene

A

23-5mya
ape (hominoidea) radiation
earliest apes
very warm then cools

49
Q

what is significant about proconsul

A

parahominoidea
no tail
bilophodont - two bump tooth
limbs equal length
scapula oriented downward
less of a snout
slower maturation

50
Q

what is significant about dryopithecus

A

euhominoidea
13-9 mya in europe
undisputed age
post crainia: reduced lumbar vertebrae, ribcage wide side to side, scapula on back, arms long compared to legs, flexible wrists (ulnar deviation), hands capable of powerful grip

51
Q

what is significant about sivapithecus

A

10.5-7.5 mya in india/pakistan
ancestral to orangutans (similar cranial features, post-crania more monkeylike)

52
Q

pattern of ape dispersal and biogeography through the miocene

A

evolved from africa -> dispersal into eurasia ~17 mya, split into hominines (dryopithecus) and pongines (sivepithecus) -> back into africa and se asia

53
Q

are there gorilla and chimp ancestors?

A

no :(

54
Q

phylogeny of primates

A
55
Q

derived traits of prosimians (strepsirrhini)

A

turning nose (wet)
post orbital bar
toothcomb and grooming claw
above branch

56
Q

derived traits of tarsiers (haplorhini)

A

simple nose
partial post orbital wall

57
Q

derived traits of new world monkeys (platyrrhini)

A

full post orbital wall
flat nosed
3 premolars (2133)

58
Q

derived traits of catarrhini (old world monkeys - cercopithecoidea)

A

three premolars (2133)
bilophodont
quadrupeds with many terrestrial species

59
Q

derived traits of catarrhini (humans and apes - hominoidea)

A

no tail
reduced canines
y-5 molars
wide ribcage
supination/pronation
posterior scapulae and lateral facing glenoid fossa

60
Q

derived traits of gibbons

A

hylobatidae
true brachiators
intermembral index of 130
monogamous

61
Q

derived traits of orangutans

A

pongidae
four-handed climbers
intermembral index of 145
solitary with three sexual morphs

62
Q

derived traits of gorillas

A

knuckle walking
intermembral index of 110
one male, many females
marked sexual dimorphism

63
Q

derived traits of chimps

A

knuckle walking
intermembral index 107
multi male, multi female
reduced sexual dimorphism

64
Q

derived traits of bonobos

A

knuckle walking
intermembral index 107
multi-male, multi-female
reduced sexual dimorphism

65
Q

locomotion types

A

facultative and obligate

66
Q

facultative locomotion

A

something you CAN do if necessary (crawling for humans)

67
Q

obligate locomotion

A

something you MUST do (walking bipedally for humans for example)

68
Q

expensive tissue hypothesis

A

there’s a trade off between gut size and brain size

69
Q

what are components of digestive anatomy and what they tell us?

A
70
Q

different primate diets

A

insectivore
folivore
folivore/frugivore
frugivore
omnivore
grazer

71
Q

insectivore

A

insects
sharp teeth for cutting through chiton

72
Q

folivore/folivore-frugivore/frugivore

A

folivores have sharp shearing cusps for shearing leaf bits (cows of trees), frugivores have blunt, rounded cusps, folivore-frugivores have shearing crests on outside but blunt cusps on inner/midline parts for fruit smashing

73
Q

omnivore

A

true generalists
smaller digestive tract
not sharp teeth

74
Q

grazer

A

scoots on butt across ground and picks through grass for grass seeds

75
Q

costs and benefits of being social

A

benefits: protection from predators, easier to find resources
costs: must have larger habitation, distribution of resources, spread of disease

76
Q

community - what shapes a community?

A

available environmental resources, competition with other organisms, and the rate and type of reproduction

77
Q

monogamy

A

one male, one female

78
Q

polygyny

A

one male, multi females

79
Q

polyandry

A

multi male, one female

80
Q

last type

A

multi female, multi male

81
Q

solitary

A

rare, typically includes parent and offspring. male defends females who live in their range
think orangutans

82
Q

copulation costs and benefits from female perspective

A

costs: medium initial investment (ovum), huge pregnancy investment, huge post-pregnancy investment
benefits: assured genetic parentage, limiting resource

83
Q

copulation costs and benefits from male perspective

A

costs: huge initial investment through female choice and male-male competition, medium initial investment via sperm, little to no investment during pregnancy, typically little investment post-pregnancy, uncertain parentage
benefits: idk offspring ?

84
Q

male-male competition

A

fighting, typically due to female choice in mates, may be to the death

85
Q

female-female competition

A

typically more indirect, more social in nature

86
Q

cooperations

A

coalitions
kin-selection
reciprocal altruism

87
Q

coalitions

A

females tend to form coalitions in certain species, such as bonobos, where they protect and spread information with each other and are able to be more dominant over males through these coalitions.

88
Q

kin-selection

A

nepotism !! usually prefer relatives, giving them more prominence or power in a group.

89
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

giving something like protection with the expectation of receiving it in return. mutual protection, etc. think insurance for humans.

90
Q

what is communication used for?

A

a lot, such as alerting to danger, calling for mates, etc.

91
Q

do non-human primates possess culture?

A

yes ! in a biological sense rather than anthropological though. begins as population level characteristics and evolve into changes to intergenerational transmission through genetics or social learning.

bio anthro (3 decks)

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