terms for exam 2

Question 1

quadrupedal

Answer 1

walks four footed

Question 2

bipedal

Answer 2

walks two-footed

Question 3

pronograde

Answer 3

body parallel to ground

Question 4

orthograde

Answer 4

body at an angle with the ground

Question 5

foramen magnum position

Answer 5

location of hole in which the brain stem meets skull

Question 6

temporalis muscle attachment location/size

Question 7

masseter muscle attachment location/size

Answer 7

main chewing bones
inserts into mandible and goes to top of skull
larger = stronger bite

Question 8

prognathism

Answer 8

a protruding snout; humans are orthognathic

Question 9

post-orbital constriction

Answer 9

skull narrowing behind eyes; humans have weak constriction

Question 10

cranial capacity

Answer 10

size of skull (humans are huge)

Question 11

canine tooth size

Answer 11

can be result of sexual dimorphism; apes have reduced canines

Question 12

simian shelf or chin

Answer 12

chin is wider, more derived than simian shelf (if anyone has more info, pls lmk)

Question 13

rib cage shape

Answer 13

in quadrupeds ribcage is narrower, bipeds wider

Question 14

scapula position and glenoid fossa orientation

Answer 14

scapulae on side facing down for pronograde quadrupeds, on back pointing towards side in orthograde quadrupeds/bipeds

Question 15

vertebral column shape

Answer 15

quadrupeds have a straighter spine, with only a small curve; bipeds have an s curved spine

Question 16

length of lumbar region

Answer 16

below branch suspensory = shorterlumbar region, above branch and ground dwellers have longer lumbar region

Question 17

length and strength of hands

Answer 17

branch dwelling primates have longer hands

Question 18

curvature of fingers

Answer 18

grabbing on to branches - much longer and more curved
ground dwelling primates have flatter feet and hands

Question 19

apical tuft

Answer 19

fingertips - primates have fingernails and humans especially have wide fingertips for grasping

Question 20

pelvis shape and orientation

Answer 20

tall, skinny in quadrupeds, at an angle
short and wide in bipeds, straight up and down

Question 21

gluteal muscles location & hip stabilization

Answer 21

hip stabilizing muscles on sides in bipeds, on back for quadrupeds

Question 22

relative length of arms and legs

Answer 22

quadrupeds tend to have relatively equal length arms and legs
term to know: intermembral index

Question 23

femur - valgus angle and femoral neck angle

Answer 23

humans are knock-kneed to maintain center of gravity
femoral neck is at more of an angle in bipeds

Question 24

length and curvature of feet

Answer 24

ground dwellers have much flatter feet; tree dwellers have more curved feet

Question 25

abducted or adducted hallux (big toe)

Answer 25

abducted = opposable big toe, ABDucted by aliens
adducted = stuck in place, ADDed and locked in

Question 26

double-arched foot in humans

Answer 26

bottom and side of foot

Question 27

deep time

Answer 27

galaxy formation, age of our universe etc

Question 28

geological time

Answer 28

formation of earth, interested in most recent 65m years

Question 29

origin of life on earth

Answer 29

meteorites? abiogenesis

Question 30

plate tectonics

Answer 30

moving around of the outer surface of the earth

Question 31

continental drift

Answer 31

pangaea!

Question 32

stratigraphy & the law of superposition

Answer 32

study of strata (layers) that form over time
as time passes, more layers form
fossils from lower stratas are older

Question 33

how do fossils form?

Answer 33

depositional environment:
lakes, rivers, bogs, sand = good for preservation
open, unprotected = bad for preservation
unusual (but awesome) = ice (frozen, bogs, very dry deserts)

Question 34

taphonomy

Answer 34

study of what happens to organic remains from the time of death through the entire burial process

Question 35

breakage and plastic deformation

Answer 35

jagged ends, deformation of bones

Question 36

cut marks, tooth marks

Answer 36

usually straight lines

Question 37

root and insect activity

Question 38

finding fossils

Answer 38

continental rifting, caves, survey

Question 39

dating methods

Answer 39

absolute and relative

Question 40

absolute dating methods

Answer 40

radiometric: argon-argon (dates volcanic remains, up to 50,000 years, tracks parent->daughter isotopes), carbon-14 (tracks carbon, less than 50,000 years)
dendrochronology (tree rings)

Question 41

relative dating methods

Answer 41

biostratigraphy (dating via nearby dated fossil), magnetostratigraphy (tracks change in earth magnetization)

Question 42

shared and derived traits of primates

Answer 42

post-orbital wall/bar
forward facing eyes and stereoscopic vision
grasping feet & hands with nails
encephalization
k-selected

Question 43

recognizing earliest primates

Answer 43

genetics, comparative method, molecular clock, paleontology

Question 44

the paleocene

Answer 44

66-56mya
plesiadapids: basal form of primates, small body, small brains, non-forward facing eyes
unspecialized specialized primate

Question 45

the eocene

Answer 45

55-34mya
earth heats up
euprimate radiation
adapids - most primitive, lemur-like
omomyids - tarsier-like
late eocene = dramatic cooling, increased plant biodiversity, euprimate radiation slows

Question 46

the oligocene

Answer 46

34-23mya
monkey (anthropoidea) radiation
aegytopithecus
good model for stem monkey
frugivore
no appearance of original primates

Question 47

oldest ape

Answer 47

rukwapithecus

Question 48

miocene

Answer 48

23-5mya
ape (hominoidea) radiation
earliest apes
very warm then cools

Question 49

what is significant about proconsul

Answer 49

parahominoidea
no tail
bilophodont - two bump tooth
limbs equal length
scapula oriented downward
less of a snout
slower maturation

Question 50

what is significant about dryopithecus

Answer 50

euhominoidea
13-9 mya in europe
undisputed age
post crainia: reduced lumbar vertebrae, ribcage wide side to side, scapula on back, arms long compared to legs, flexible wrists (ulnar deviation), hands capable of powerful grip

Question 51

what is significant about sivapithecus

Answer 51

10.5-7.5 mya in india/pakistan
ancestral to orangutans (similar cranial features, post-crania more monkeylike)

Question 52

pattern of ape dispersal and biogeography through the miocene

Answer 52

evolved from africa -> dispersal into eurasia ~17 mya, split into hominines (dryopithecus) and pongines (sivepithecus) -> back into africa and se asia

Question 53

are there gorilla and chimp ancestors?

Answer 53

no :(

Question 54

phylogeny of primates

Question 55

derived traits of prosimians (strepsirrhini)

Answer 55

turning nose (wet)
post orbital bar
toothcomb and grooming claw
above branch

Question 56

derived traits of tarsiers (haplorhini)

Answer 56

simple nose
partial post orbital wall

Question 57

derived traits of new world monkeys (platyrrhini)

Answer 57

full post orbital wall
flat nosed
3 premolars (2133)

Question 58

derived traits of catarrhini (old world monkeys - cercopithecoidea)

Answer 58

three premolars (2133)
bilophodont
quadrupeds with many terrestrial species

Question 59

derived traits of catarrhini (humans and apes - hominoidea)

Answer 59

no tail
reduced canines
y-5 molars
wide ribcage
supination/pronation
posterior scapulae and lateral facing glenoid fossa

Question 60

derived traits of gibbons

Answer 60

hylobatidae
true brachiators
intermembral index of 130
monogamous

Question 61

derived traits of orangutans

Answer 61

pongidae
four-handed climbers
intermembral index of 145
solitary with three sexual morphs

Question 62

derived traits of gorillas

Answer 62

knuckle walking
intermembral index of 110
one male, many females
marked sexual dimorphism

Question 63

derived traits of chimps

Answer 63

knuckle walking
intermembral index 107
multi male, multi female
reduced sexual dimorphism

Question 64

derived traits of bonobos

Answer 64

knuckle walking
intermembral index 107
multi-male, multi-female
reduced sexual dimorphism

Question 65

locomotion types

Answer 65

facultative and obligate

Question 66

facultative locomotion

Answer 66

something you CAN do if necessary (crawling for humans)

Question 67

obligate locomotion

Answer 67

something you MUST do (walking bipedally for humans for example)

Question 68

expensive tissue hypothesis

Answer 68

there’s a trade off between gut size and brain size

Question 69

what are components of digestive anatomy and what they tell us?

Question 70

different primate diets

Answer 70

insectivore
folivore
folivore/frugivore
frugivore
omnivore
grazer

Question 71

insectivore

Answer 71

insects
sharp teeth for cutting through chiton

Question 72

folivore/folivore-frugivore/frugivore

Answer 72

folivores have sharp shearing cusps for shearing leaf bits (cows of trees), frugivores have blunt, rounded cusps, folivore-frugivores have shearing crests on outside but blunt cusps on inner/midline parts for fruit smashing

Question 73

omnivore

Answer 73

true generalists
smaller digestive tract
not sharp teeth

Question 74

grazer

Answer 74

scoots on butt across ground and picks through grass for grass seeds

Question 75

costs and benefits of being social

Answer 75

benefits: protection from predators, easier to find resources
costs: must have larger habitation, distribution of resources, spread of disease

Question 76

community - what shapes a community?

Answer 76

available environmental resources, competition with other organisms, and the rate and type of reproduction

Question 77

monogamy

Answer 77

one male, one female

Question 78

polygyny

Answer 78

one male, multi females

Question 79

polyandry

Answer 79

multi male, one female

Question 80

last type

Answer 80

multi female, multi male

Question 81

solitary

Answer 81

rare, typically includes parent and offspring. male defends females who live in their range
think orangutans

Question 82

copulation costs and benefits from female perspective

Answer 82

costs: medium initial investment (ovum), huge pregnancy investment, huge post-pregnancy investment
benefits: assured genetic parentage, limiting resource

Question 83

copulation costs and benefits from male perspective

Answer 83

costs: huge initial investment through female choice and male-male competition, medium initial investment via sperm, little to no investment during pregnancy, typically little investment post-pregnancy, uncertain parentage
benefits: idk offspring ?

Question 84

male-male competition

Answer 84

fighting, typically due to female choice in mates, may be to the death

Question 85

female-female competition

Answer 85

typically more indirect, more social in nature

Question 86

cooperations

Answer 86

coalitions
kin-selection
reciprocal altruism

Question 87

coalitions

Answer 87

females tend to form coalitions in certain species, such as bonobos, where they protect and spread information with each other and are able to be more dominant over males through these coalitions.

Question 88

kin-selection

Answer 88

nepotism !! usually prefer relatives, giving them more prominence or power in a group.

Question 89

reciprocal altruism

Answer 89

giving something like protection with the expectation of receiving it in return. mutual protection, etc. think insurance for humans.

Question 90

what is communication used for?

Answer 90

a lot, such as alerting to danger, calling for mates, etc.

Question 91

do non-human primates possess culture?

Answer 91

yes ! in a biological sense rather than anthropological though. begins as population level characteristics and evolve into changes to intergenerational transmission through genetics or social learning.