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Psychology 203 > Terms & Definitions > Flashcards

Terms & Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

spending an inordinate amount of time on the Internet and an inability to control online use

A

Internet addiction

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2
Q

adapting to a new culture

A

acculturation

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3
Q

threatening, short, clear endpoint

A

acute stressors

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4
Q

psychological processes for managing and coping with demands and challenges of everyday life

A

adjustment

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5
Q

predicting emotional reactions to future events

A

affective forecasting

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6
Q

behaviour intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally

A

aggression

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7
Q

chronic environmental conditions, though not urgent, cause adaptive demands on people

A

ambient stress

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8
Q

events typically preceding a target response

A

antecedents

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9
Q

future events with perceived threat

A

anticipatory stressors

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10
Q

choose between two attractive goals

A

approach-approach (conflict)

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11
Q

choice provides both attractive and unattractive aspects

A

approach-avoidance (conflict)

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12
Q

nerves connecting the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

choose between two unattractive goals

A

avoidance-avoidance (conflict)

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14
Q

tendency to enhance one’s image by publicly announcing one’s association with those who are successful

A

basking in reflected glory

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15
Q

overt response or activity of an organism

A

behaviour

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16
Q

systematic approach to changing behaviour through application of conditioning

A

behaviour modification

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17
Q

written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to contingencies of a behaviour modification program

A

behavioural contract

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18
Q

generating as many ideas as possible while withholding criticism and evaluation

A

brainstorming

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19
Q

syndrome involving physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, lowered sense of self-efficacy, caused by work-related stress

A

burnout

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20
Q

in-depth investigation of an individual

A

case study

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21
Q

unrealistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems

A

catastrophic thinking

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22
Q

release of emotional tension

A

catharsis

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23
Q

threatening, long duration, no apparent endpoint

A

chronic stressors

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24
Q

putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups to which one belongs

A

collectivism

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25
Q

efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthful

A

constructive coping

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26
Q

active efforts to master, reduce, tolerate stress demands

A

coping

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27
Q

numerical index indicating degree of relationship between two variables

A

correlation coefficient

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28
Q

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

A

defence mechanisms

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29
Q

diversion to a substitute target, often a less threatening recipient

A

displacement

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30
Q

defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more serious

A

downward social comparison

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31
Q

ability to perceive and express emotion, use emotions to facilitate thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion

A

emotional intelligence

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32
Q

powerful, mostly uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes

A

emotions

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33
Q

gaining knowledge through observation

A

empiricism

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34
Q

glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine system

35
Q

tendency to use similar causal attributions for a wide variety of events

A

explanatory style

36
Q

ascribe the causes of behaviour to situational demands and environmental constraints

A

external attributions

37
Q

physiological response to threat: attacking or fleeing

A

fight-or-flight response

38
Q

counteracting the natural tendencies to seek vengeance or avoid an offender, thereby releasing this person from further liablity for his or her transgression

A

forgiveness

39
Q

pursuit of some goal is thwarted

A

frustration

40
Q

model of stress response: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

A

general adaptation syndrome

41
Q

marked by commitment, challenge, and control that is associated with strong stress resistance

A

hardiness

42
Q

baseline shifts

A

hedonic adaptation

43
Q

baseline shifting upward, improvements yield no benefit

A

hedonic treadmill

44
Q

usually conscious efforts by people to influence how others think of them

A

impression management

45
Q

putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships

A

individualism

46
Q

behaving in ways to make oneself likeable to others

A

ingratiation

47
Q

ascribe causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, feelings

A

internal attributions

48
Q

two or more incompatible motivations or impulses compete for expression

A

internal conflict

49
Q

high complexity tasks require lower level of arousal

A

inverted-U hypothesis

50
Q

passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events

A

learned helplessness

51
Q

alteration of living circumstances requiring adjustment

A

life changes

52
Q

mental exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a non-analytical way

A

meditation

53
Q

observing without intervening

A

naturalistic observation

54
Q

tendency to expect good outcomes

A

optimism

55
Q

one’s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future

A

possible selves

56
Q

enduring psychological disturbance attributed to a major traumatic event

A

posttraumatic stress disorder

57
Q

expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way; perform, conform

A

pressure

58
Q

initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you (2) relevant but not threatening (3) stressful

A

primary appraisal (stress)

59
Q

tendency to delay tackling tasks until the last minute

A

procrastination

60
Q

science of behaviour, and underlying physiological and mental processes; profession that applies this practically

A

psychology

61
Q

genuine physical ailments caused in part by stress and other psychological factors

A

psychosomatic diseases

62
Q

image presented to others in social interactions

A

public self

63
Q

focuses on altering patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behaviour

A

rational-emotive behaviour therapy

64
Q

set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons

A

reference group

65
Q

evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with stress

A

secondary appraisal (stress)

66
Q

inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour

A

self-attributions

67
Q

collection of beliefs about one’s own basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour

A

self-concept

68
Q

seemingly intentional actions that thwart a person’s self-interest

A

self-defeating behaviour

69
Q

mismatch between the self-perceptions that make up the actual self, ideal self, and ought self

A

self-discrepancy

70
Q

one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes

A

self-efficacy

71
Q

tendency to seek positive (and reject negative) information about oneself

A

self-enhancement

72
Q

one’s overall assessment of one’s worth as a person

A

self-esteem

73
Q

tendency to sabotage one’s performance to provide an excuse for possible failure

A

self-handicapping

74
Q

degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others

A

self-monitoring

75
Q

process of directing and controlling one’s behaviour to achieve desired goals

A

self-regulation

76
Q

tendency to attribute one’s success to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors

A

self-serving bias

77
Q

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response

A

shaping

78
Q

individuals compare themselves with others in order to assess their abilities and opinions

A

social comparison theory

79
Q

aid and succour provided by members of your social network

A

social support

80
Q

threat or perceived threat to one’s well-being, taxing one’s coping abilities

A

stress

81
Q

personal assessment of overall happiness or life satisfaction

A

subjective well-being

82
Q

structured questionnaires soliciting information about behaviour, attitudes, beliefs

A

surveys

83
Q

system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are later exchanged for genuine reinforcers

A

token economy

Psychology 203 (6 decks)

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