Terms/Concepts/Events 2

Question 1

Jacques Cartier

Answer 1

French explorer. Erected a 30ft cross saying “vive le roi de France”; Donnacona said this was disrespectful.

Question 2

why contact?

Answer 2

exploration, trade, conquest, Christianization

Question 3

“Discovery”

Answer 3

enduring myth; “imposing, invasive, and all-powerful Europeans”; “natural, savage, and passive Indians”.

Question 4

Christopher Columbus

Answer 4

wanted to find a western route to Asia. No one went because it was a long trip; Spanish had money to burn, so they gave them 3 ships; whatever was brought back would cover the cost of the ships

Question 5

Manifest Destiny

Answer 5

attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion, that the US could and was destined to stretch from coast to coast. Helped fuel western settlement and Native American removal.

Question 6

Doctrine of Discovery

Answer 6

used by European monarchies as a means of legitimizing the colonization of lands outside of Europe. Issued in 1493, a year of Columbus arrived on the shores of North America.

Question 7

right of conquest

Answer 7

the right of the conqueror to take territory by force.

Question 8

The “Columbian Exchange”

Answer 8

short term: various plants, animals, technologies exchanged. long term: disease, epidemics, population loss

Question 9

Treaty of Utrecht

Answer 9

1713- Treaty where France gave up Acadia to the British which ended the French-British hostilities in Acadia that begun in 1701.

Question 10

wampum

Answer 10

purple and white beads made from shells. Primarily used for ornamental, ceremonial, diplomatic, and commercial purposes

Question 11

Hudson Bay Company (HBC)

Answer 11

company that received its charter from Great Britain in 1670 to trade for furs, explore, and settle Rupert’s land.

Question 12

North West Company (NWC)

Answer 12

group of furtrading firms and individuals formed in the late 18th century to compete with Hudson’s Bay Company in the western fur trade. The HBC absorbed the NWC in 1821.

Question 13

Iroquois War (Beaver Wars)

Answer 13

spanned over a century; Iroquois and English; Huron and French; lots of disease; Iroquois and English were successful and expanded territories; Guerilla tactics of Iroquois based on speed/movement.

Question 14

Pontiac’s War

Answer 14

revolts against British; prophet Neolin preached automy/independence from the British; British trade policies and extermination efforts resisted; lack of capitalist incentives for British; English and French peace treaty; Pontiac tried to unify Indig. people against Europeans; led British to acknowledge territorial rights in the Royal Proclaimation

Question 15

Great Peace of Montreal

Answer 15

Agreement reached in 1701 between the Five Nations and the French to end the nearly century of conflict known as the Iroquois (Mourning) War

Question 16

Royal Proclamation

Answer 16

legitimizes British control of lands which later became Canada; questions over title; imposed notion of ownership; ambiguous notion of “nation”; enabled provisions later found in Indian Act

Question 17

Seven Years War

Answer 17

Treaty of Paris gave all French control in North America to Britain; British refused to acknowledge any agreements made between French and Indig. Peoples; devastating economically; settlers flooded territories not recognizing tribal claims; alliances formed to resist; Indig people became more scared of losing their land

Question 18

Treaty of Niagara

Answer 18

negotiated by Sir William Johnson; very controversial; 2000 delegates from 19 tribes answered his call; separated some communities from Pontiac; oral importance in this treaty-what was written. what was not

Question 19

“Indian Title”

Answer 19

17th century concept involving rights of occupancy and use, but not ownership.

Question 20

role of buffalo

Answer 20

buffalo considered sacred; provided for Indig. peoples needs; basis for economy; destruction of buffalo- widespread starvation, etc. Plains people really dependent upon them.

Question 21

role of horses

Answer 21

increased mobility of the plains people; supported hunting and gathering economies; measure of wealth by early 19th century; horse trading and horse raiding; critical to economy and defense of warfare

Question 22

Metis

Answer 22

children of European and Indig. parents; “mixed bloods” important to the early economic system; middlemen in trading relations

Question 23

Michif

Answer 23

metis language

Question 24

pemmican

Answer 24

staple food of the fur trade; dried meat that was pounded fine and mixed with melted fat and sometimes berries

Question 25

assimilation

Answer 25

process of being absorbed into the culture or customs of another group

Question 26

Rupertsland

Answer 26

consisted of the Hudson Bay drainage system, all of Manitoba, most of Saskatchewan, southern Alberta, and extended north to the Arctic

Question 27

Manitoba Act

Answer 27

Louis Riel was a major influence, Act was based on his list of rights; act guaranteed that the Metis would receive title for the lands they already farmed; act also set aside land for the Metis- each family receiving scrip.

Question 28

scrip

Answer 28

document used as evidence that the holder or bearer is entitled to receive something, such as cash or an allotment of land; given to Metis families; not enough land; some sold their scrip. Either by choice or needed the money badly

Question 29

“white man’s burden”

Answer 29

british poet, Rudyard Kipling, used this phrase to describe what Britain saw as her role with respect to the Indig people of the countries Britain colonized

Question 30

War of 1812

Answer 30

British interference in US trade during Napoleonic Wars led to conflict in North America, on both land and sea, between US and Britain. It was the last colonial war in which First Nations people held the balance of power.

Question 31

reserve

Answer 31

tracts of land, the legal title to which is vested in the Crown, set apart for the use and benefit of a band.

Question 32

Bagot Commission

Answer 32

commission headed by Sir Charles Bagot that examined Indian administration and affirmed the government’s assimilation policy

Question 33

Robinson Treaties

Answer 33

2 treaties negotiated by William Robinson. Lake Superior chiefs signed the Robinson-Superior Treaty; chiefs from the Lake Huron region the Robinson-Huron treaty

Question 34

land cession

Answer 34

giving up of land by the agreement of a formal treaty