Terms/Concepts/Events 2 Flashcards
Jacques Cartier
French explorer. Erected a 30ft cross saying “vive le roi de France”; Donnacona said this was disrespectful.
why contact?
exploration, trade, conquest, Christianization
“Discovery”
enduring myth; “imposing, invasive, and all-powerful Europeans”; “natural, savage, and passive Indians”.
Christopher Columbus
wanted to find a western route to Asia. No one went because it was a long trip; Spanish had money to burn, so they gave them 3 ships; whatever was brought back would cover the cost of the ships
Manifest Destiny
attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion, that the US could and was destined to stretch from coast to coast. Helped fuel western settlement and Native American removal.
Doctrine of Discovery
used by European monarchies as a means of legitimizing the colonization of lands outside of Europe. Issued in 1493, a year of Columbus arrived on the shores of North America.
right of conquest
the right of the conqueror to take territory by force.
The “Columbian Exchange”
short term: various plants, animals, technologies exchanged. long term: disease, epidemics, population loss
Treaty of Utrecht
1713- Treaty where France gave up Acadia to the British which ended the French-British hostilities in Acadia that begun in 1701.
wampum
purple and white beads made from shells. Primarily used for ornamental, ceremonial, diplomatic, and commercial purposes
Hudson Bay Company (HBC)
company that received its charter from Great Britain in 1670 to trade for furs, explore, and settle Rupert’s land.
North West Company (NWC)
group of furtrading firms and individuals formed in the late 18th century to compete with Hudson’s Bay Company in the western fur trade. The HBC absorbed the NWC in 1821.
Iroquois War (Beaver Wars)
spanned over a century; Iroquois and English; Huron and French; lots of disease; Iroquois and English were successful and expanded territories; Guerilla tactics of Iroquois based on speed/movement.
Pontiac’s War
revolts against British; prophet Neolin preached automy/independence from the British; British trade policies and extermination efforts resisted; lack of capitalist incentives for British; English and French peace treaty; Pontiac tried to unify Indig. people against Europeans; led British to acknowledge territorial rights in the Royal Proclaimation
Great Peace of Montreal
Agreement reached in 1701 between the Five Nations and the French to end the nearly century of conflict known as the Iroquois (Mourning) War
Royal Proclamation
legitimizes British control of lands which later became Canada; questions over title; imposed notion of ownership; ambiguous notion of “nation”; enabled provisions later found in Indian Act
Seven Years War
Treaty of Paris gave all French control in North America to Britain; British refused to acknowledge any agreements made between French and Indig. Peoples; devastating economically; settlers flooded territories not recognizing tribal claims; alliances formed to resist; Indig people became more scared of losing their land
Treaty of Niagara
negotiated by Sir William Johnson; very controversial; 2000 delegates from 19 tribes answered his call; separated some communities from Pontiac; oral importance in this treaty-what was written. what was not
“Indian Title”
17th century concept involving rights of occupancy and use, but not ownership.
role of buffalo
buffalo considered sacred; provided for Indig. peoples needs; basis for economy; destruction of buffalo- widespread starvation, etc. Plains people really dependent upon them.
role of horses
increased mobility of the plains people; supported hunting and gathering economies; measure of wealth by early 19th century; horse trading and horse raiding; critical to economy and defense of warfare
Metis
children of European and Indig. parents; “mixed bloods” important to the early economic system; middlemen in trading relations
Michif
metis language
pemmican
staple food of the fur trade; dried meat that was pounded fine and mixed with melted fat and sometimes berries
