Terms/Concepts/Events 1

Question 1

Nation

Answer 1

-denotes political entity, but also a common social interdependence within a community. -rights and responsibility between people and the land -process of gathering, participating in community life. -Nationhood instead of minority rights

Question 2

Tradition

Answer 2

-intergenerational knowledge/practices -efforts to ban traditional practices central part of colonialism -revitalization of tradition central to empowerment -debates around modernizing traditions, protecting traditions

Question 3

colonialism

Answer 3

-“imperialism” means the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan centre ruling a distant territory. -colonism, which is almost always a consequence of imperialism, is the implementing of settlements on distant territory

Question 4

sovereignty

Answer 4

-refers to the self-determining status of Native nations. -distinguishes Native people from other marginalized/radicalized groups. -implies a distinct relationship with the land and distinct legal history with Canada. -different than human right, civil rights

Question 5

worldview

Answer 5

how you look at the world; provides answers for many of life’s questions (role and purpose of humans in the world); values, priorities, behaviours, actions and motivations follow from it; concept of reality.

Question 6

creation stories

Answer 6

-every creation story has a particular worldview. -explanations of how world began and how it is related into a unique network of relationships. -how humans came to earth, how land forms, etc.

Question 7

land

Answer 7

sovereignty grounded in Indig. relationships with land; colonialism and Indig. resistance generally centered on land; related questions of identity, belonging, rights and responsibility.

Question 8

egalitarianism

Answer 8

doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities

Question 9

Where did Native Peoples come from?

Answer 9

Bering Strait Theory; Aboriginal creation stories

Question 10

Pre-Clovis Theory

Answer 10

settlements as far back as 19 000 BCE discovered; ice-free corridor opened too late; some sites do not fit these theories

Question 11

clovis theory

Answer 11

Indig. people from Siberia carried large spears with Clovis Points and migrated across Bringia land bridge.

Question 12

three wave theory

Answer 12

came in 3 waves of migration; problem with theory- not enough time to produce language diversity

Question 13

seven generations principle

Answer 13

philosophy that the decisions we make today should result in a sustainable world seven generations into the future; we are always in the middle of this; continuous conception of time

Question 14

oral traditions

Answer 14

oral transmissions of stories, histories, lessons, and other knowledge to maintain a historical record and sustain Indig. culture and identities; dancing and drumming is part of this; sometimes if the story is written down then it is degraded

Question 15

oral storytelling

Answer 15

seasonal tradition; keeps knowledge “alive”; story must be told accurately, but sometimes different versions; reflects relational nature of knowledge.

Question 16

civilization

Answer 16

societies and civilizations involve structures in which a number of people share common traditions, values, ways of life; ‘advanced’ stage of social development or organization

Question 17

common elements of a civilization

Answer 17

cities, governments, social class, religion, art & architecture, jobs or rules, infrastructure, systems of writing, trade

Question 18

olmec civilization

Answer 18

1st city builders in America; large plazas, pyramidal structures; sculptured enormous heads chiseled from basalt; well-established cultural, political, military systems; bustling market places, palaces, decorated with paintings

Question 19

Teotihuacan

Answer 19

housed an elite of warriors and priests; schools for their children; sprawling suburbs

Question 20

Aztec

Answer 20

island metropolis; at its centre lay a large plaza bordered by sumptous palaces; great temple of the sun; captured by the Spanish; ruins are heart of Mexico City

Question 21

Cahokia

Answer 21

many broad plazas full of farmers trading corn, beans and squash for goods; craft workers and merchants; more than 100 flat-topped pyramidal mounds crowned by religious temples and the palaces of rulers

Question 22

gift giving

Answer 22

diplomatic ritual involved in the sealing of agreements between First Nations, and later between New France and Aboriginal people through the trade of goods or hostages, which resulted in blood ties

Question 23

treaty-making

Answer 23

sought to establish boundaries between Indig. people and settlers; provided for the “sale” of tracts of land; guarantees of protection from settlers’ interference were obtained; misunderstanding of reserves amd who was going to be on them. (indig thought they’d be sharing the land)

Question 24

alliance building

Answer 24

Had to reconcile differences in: leadership/government; language; concepts of family; economy; spirituality; sense of land, animals, people

Question 25

role of women

Answer 25

keepers of water: sustains life and bearer of life; highly respected; colonialism- married into Europeanism; lost a lot of rights and their role in society

Question 26

Beothuk

Answer 26

inhabitants of Newfoundland at the time of the arrival of the Europeans; trade okay, didn’t want them settling on the land; migratory Europeans left a mark on the land: picked up scrap metal to make arrow heads and such; didn’t have to alter their culture nearly as much to trade

Question 27

Huronia

Answer 27

French called Huron/called themselves Wendat; Iroquian confederacy; lived in longhouses; farmed corn, beans, squash; hunted, fishes, traded; carried out military & diplomatic missions; dominated politically until 1800s

Question 28

People of the Longhouse or “Five Nations”

Answer 28

Iroquoian confederacy founded in the 16th century. They were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca

Question 29

Abenaki

Answer 29

“people of the sunrise”; wared with the French, but later allied with them against Iroquois in the 17th century; alliance with French solidified through marriage in 1670s-today; Treaty of Utrecht

Question 30

Mikmaq War

Answer 30

Mikmaq resistance to English settlement; reaffirm sovereignty; fought at sea; British control- Mikmaq returned to a diminished and depleted land; had to appeal to French for aid; warfare unsuccessful

Question 31

Blackfoot Confederacy

Answer 31

often warred with Cree; members were politically distinct nations, economically self-sufficient; allied in protection of lands, to hunt, fight or celebrate as related people; conflict in the form of horse raids, taking revenge; women held in high esteem

Question 32

“three sisters”

Answer 32

corn, squash, beans- 3 crops essential to Aboriginal agriculture; complement each other nutritionally and agriculturally. Beans add nitrogen to the soil, corn provides support for the beans, squash provides ground cover to prevent weeds and keep the soil moist

Question 33

kinship

Answer 33

treaty relationship rooted in kinship; metaphors used to describe nature of relationship; principles of non-hierarchy, care, assistance, etc

Question 34

Donnacona

Answer 34

Chief of Stadacona before 1536, he and his sons were kidnapped by Jacques Cartier and taken to France, where he died. Thought that Jacques Cartier’s 30ft cross was disrespectful. Donnacona wanted knives, hatches, etc