Terms Flashcards
1
Q
anti-essentialism
A
- involves the rejection of a scientific question for universal essences, such as the discovery of a universal psychological makeup, or generally applicable sex difference, in preference for a view that human ‘nature’ is a social construction
2
Q
divine orthodoxy
A
- stresses that research participants’ knowledge is inherently unreliable or imperfect and that a researcher can always spot and see through these issues and take them itoa count when designing research
3
Q
scholar
A
- asserts that the researcher should appeal to his or her own conscience alone when judging the value of his or her academic work, rather than being tied or influenced by any public debate or social policy
4
Q
social problems
A
- the partisan perspective seeks to ensure that research outputs promote a particular policy view or side of a debate
5
Q
social problems
A
- the partisan perspective seeks to ensure that research outputs promote a particular policy view or side of a debate
6
Q
confidentiality
A
- promises made to research participants about who will be told about what participants reveal to the researcher about themselves or their experiences. This will sometimes involve a guarantee of anonymity in any report of the research
7
Q
covert research
A
- research that involves the deliberate intention not to inform those under study of their participation in research, either prior or during the research
8
Q
epistemic responsibility
A
- an argument elaborated by Doucet and Mauthner (2002) that researchers take note of ethical issues related to the knowledge gained from data analysis, and engage with social, institutional and political contexts, as well as intellectual frameworks to do so
9
Q
ethical principles
A
- four fundamental principles of medical ethics, set out by Beauchamp (1994:3).
10
Q
benefice
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- refers to the obligation to provide benefits and balance benefits against risks
11
Q
autonomy
A
- refers to the obligation to respect the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons
12
Q
justice
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- refers to obligations of fairness in the distribution of benefits and risks
13
Q
non-malifence
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- refers to the obligation to avoid the causation of harm
14
Q
in loco parentis
A
- ‘in place of parents’
- researchers carrying out research with children as participants need to be aware that under certain circumstances they may be held responsible if the child is harmed in any way
15
Q
informed consent
A
- the process of obtaining voluntary participation of individuals in research based on a full understanding of the aims of the research study, its possible benefits and risks, and the handling o information which the participant helps create
16
Q
privacy
A
- the capacity to keep personal matters or information out of view from others
17
Q
reflexivity
A
- in its broad meaning, this is used to refer to the capacity of researchers to reflect upon their actions and values during research, whether in producing data or writing accounts
18
Q
situated knowledge
A
- an epistemological position that rejects the positivist approach that knowledge or facts can be understood from a neutral and objective position
19
Q
utilitarian ethics
A
- John Stuart Mill published “utilitarianism’ in 1861, and provided the principle of utility which offers a criterion form oral judgements about ‘right’ and ‘wrong’
20
Q
vulnerable groups
A
- a term broadly defined as groups who are a particular risk in society
21
Q
abstracts
A
- a summary of a journal article, appearing at the start of the article and reproduced in bibliographic indexes
- abstracts can also sometimes be found in other publication formats, such as chapters of theses.
22
Q
alert service
A
- a service offered by some bibliographic databases and journals which will send you a message about new publications that relate to your literature review, your recorded interest, or that have appeared recently in the journal
23
Q
bibliographic indexes
A
- a searchable database of published sources, such as journal articles
24
Q
boolean searches
A
- searches for material (such as references or segments of coded text) using combinations of keywords linked by operators such as ‘and’, ‘or’ or ‘not’.
25
control lists
- a list of literature search terms, or keywords, that are linked together for a particular concept, within a catalogue or indexing system
- they can function like a thesaurus
26
database
- a structure way of holding related information, where the structure is explicit enough to allow for quick searching to locate specific items of information
27
dewey decimal system
- a leading index system, used by libraries, which allocates specific number codes to various disciplines
28
evidence-based
- clinical or policy decisions are said to be evidence-based when they are based on empirical evidence the supports the decision
29
fields
- the subsections that create the structure of a database and against which records are stored
30
grey literature
- useful materials, often reporting research, other than books and journal articles
- they include newspapers, conference proceedings and abstracts, theses and documents produced by governments, private organizations and charities
31
import filters
- used by bibliographic software to facilitate reference importing, so that relevant items of the reference (such as title, abstract or author) map to the appropriate part of the software's database
32
importing references
- an alternative to manually entering references into bibliographic software
33
keyword analysis
- referring to computer-assisted methods for analyzing texts, keywords are words that occur more commonly in one set of texts when compared to a reference text
34
library of congress systems
- a leading index system develop din the United States, used by libraries , which allocates specific Roman letter codes to various disciplines
35
meta-analysis
- an agglomeration of existing empirical research evidence which is synthesized with the aim of providing a robust and reliable summary of disparate research evidence
36
nesting
- a technique involving enclosure of one pair of parentheses within another pair, in order to refine a search of an index or database
37
proximity operators
- words such as 'near' or 'adjacent' or 'after' which can be used to facilitate and narrow down a search of literature using an index and its keywords
38
query
- an output created by a catalogue, or index, which is being searched
- the query lists the search terms entered, plus any proximity operators usually as a summary before the results of the search
39
record
- the content of the fields which belong together for a particular row in a database
40
reference styles
- the way in which references are laid out within the main body of a scholarly text, as citations, and at the end of the text, as a bibliography or reference list
41
references
- an overall term for bibliographic sources which a researcher wishes to drawn upon when presenting an argument
42
search terms
- words, keywords, or phrases a researcher uses to retrieve entries from a database or index when searching for references, publications or other kinds of document
43
systematic review
- a type of literature review which aims to retrieve all available evidence published on a subject, evaluate the quality of the studies that have produced that evidence, and summarize the accumulated findings of the higher quality studies to support clinical or policy decisions, rendering them evidence based
44
truncation
- deliberately limiting the number of characters of a particular search term when searching an index or database, for example Psychol*, to retrieve terms like 'Psychology', 'Psychological', 'Psychologist' , etc.
45
wildcards
- these are punctuation symbols, such as a question mark or an asterisk, which can be include din place of actual letters of search terms entered when querying a database or index
46
closed questions
- question which can normally be answered by a single word or phrase, such as 'yes' or 'no'
47
computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI)
- interviewing people over the telephone, using computer prompts for questions and entering data as answers are produced
48
concept-indicator links
- refers to how well the form in which data are collected indicate the concepts they are intended to measure
49
data entry
- the transfer of responses observed as part of a research progress directly onto a computer
50
email surveys
- an internet-based method of administering a survey, involving attachment of a set of questions to an email to respondents who fill int eh answers and return their responses
51
fixed-choice questions
- questions that require respondents to pick an answer from a given set of options
52
Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories (FIAC)
- a structured observation tool that characterizes teaching styles in terms of how teacher-centred they are
53
group administered self-completion surveys
- the administration of a survey instrument to a group of respondents who then complete the survey individually
54
household drop-off survey
- a method for administering a survey which involves going to the respondent's home or business address and handing them the survey instrument to complete and return
55
multidimensional concept
- a concept made up of several different sub-concepts or ideas. For example, to find indicators for assessing 'alienation', a researcher would have to assess its different components
56
nominal variable (categorial)
- also calles categorical variables, these are variables that simply categories or name things, such as colour, or gender, or ethnicity, or marital status
57
open questions
- a question providing space or time for the respondent to answer in their own terms
58
ordinal variables
- these are variables that function as categories in a particular rank order
- the interval between the categories is neither fixed nor equal
59
Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS)
- a structured observation tool for coding talk in health care encounters
60
scheduling
- when administering a face-to-face structured interview, a schedule refers to asking the questions in the same order fore each participant
61
skip instructions
- instructions to respondents to 'skip' over certain questions on a questionnaire that earlier answers have shown are to relevant for them
62
standardising
- when administering a structured interview, standardizing refers to wording the questions the same way for each participant
63
web surveys
- these are surveys carried out on the internet
64
bracketing
- used in semiotics to indicate the suspension of interest (for analytic purposes) in the relationship between signs and their referents
65
coding
- the procedures whereby observations, segments of text, visual images or responses to a questionnaire or interview are collected into groups which are like one another, and a symbol is assigned as a name for the group
66
consumption, production and representation
- terms from media studies to describe study of (1) the way 'audiences' of mass media respond to media messages (consumption), (2) the actions and influences on those who create media messages, such as journalists, script writers, website designers (production) and (3) the content of media messages themselves (representation).
67
denotation
- in the analysis of an image, denotation refers to what the picture shows at a factual, descriptive level
68
diachronic vs. synchronic analysis
- two distinct concepts identified by Saussure (1974) in his study of structural linguistics which forms the basis for semiotic analysis
- diachronic analysis looks at the arrangements of elements of a system whereas synchronic analysis focuses on how the meaning of words evolves over time within a language
69
langue and parole
- two concepts identified by Saussure in his study of structural linguistics which forms the basis for semiotic analysis
70
media genres
- categories of media output
71
encoding and decoding
- when creating images or other kinds of message (e.g. a news article), the producers of these intend them to convey certain meanings and so 'encode' them into the image or the message
- consumers or audiences then 'decode' or interpret these images or messages, but may do so in a variety of ways not anticipated by the encoder
72
mis-en-scene
- the spatial organization of a visual image, including camera angle, point of view, focus and so on
73
photo elicitation
- the use of images in conjunction with other research. methods, such as research interviews or focus groups, as stimulus material to encourage comments on a subject
74
photo-voice
- a research method requiring participants to create their own photographs or images in order to encourage comments on a subject
75
polysemy
- a linguistic term referring, literally, to 'many meanings or signs'. One person's interpretive analysis of data may be different to another's interpretation, reflecting such multiplicity of perspectives
76
post-photographhy
- manipulation of photographic images, for example digitally enhancing a picture after it has been
77
preferred readings
- the interpretation of images that producers (or creators of those images) want their consumers (or audience) to appreciate
78
referents
- defined by Saussure (1974) as the things that words or signs refer to.
79
signifier and signified
- defined by Saussure (1974) as two components of a sign. The signifier is the sound or the image of a particular word, and the signified is the concept people attach to the signifier
80
signs
- a concept identified by Saussure (1974) in his study of structural linguistics which forms the basis for semiotic analysis
81
social constructionism
- the view that the phenomena of the social and cultural world and their meanings are created in human social interaction
82
text
- although this term includes the kind of thing we usually mean by 'text' (e.g. a written document), in recent times the term has been applied to almost any object in the world
83
intertextuality
- a term referring to the ways in which documents or other texts are related to one another, and whether the connections are explicit (e.g. 'matters arising' as part of a set of a meeting's minutes) or implicit (e.g. the shared conventions or style between documents)
84
visual ethics
- this concerns questions about confidentiality, anonymity and consent when considering carrying out research using visual materials, particularly if people or places are identifiable from images that you wish to publish or exhibit
85
visuality
- argued by Gilian Rose (2007) as the socially constructed nature of what ad how we see things
86
agency
- the capacity of individual 'agents' to construct and reconstruct their worlds, and to act independently from, or in opposition to, social forces and social structures (such as family, religious, or institutional norms)
87
critical discourse analysis
- taking the perspective that people's use of written or spoken language reflects and influences their version of the world, society, events, or inner feelings, critical discourse analysis involves an engaged and committed examination of the relationship between language and its use within social, historical, political, or ideological contexts
88
discourse
- this has one to refer, under the influence of Foucault, to systems of knowledge an dither associated practices
89
interpretive repertoires
- the ways of speaking about and understanding a topic that organize the meanings of a text
90
nominalisation
- a technical linguistic strategy noted by critical discourse analysts, which involves use of nouns in place of verbs to describe events
91
passivisation
- a technical linguistic strategy noted by critical discourse analysts, which involves use of passive voice instead of active voice to obscure agency
92
patterns of association
- connections between concepts, groups, individuals, institutions and so on, which a researcher can reveal through a process of discourse analysis of a written or spoken text
93
patterns of variation
- inconsistencies, hesitations or contradictions that a researcher can reveal through a process of discourse analysis of an ostensibly coherent written or spoken text
94
reflexivity
- in its broad meaning, this is used to refer to the capacity of researchers to reflect upon their actions and values during research, whether in producing data or writing accounts
95
silences (attending to)
- discourse analysts may search for 'silences' when analyzing texts. The silences may concern people, institutions or issues that are not raised by authors when discussing a particular topic, for example minority ethic groups whose views are not reported in media coverage of race
96
warrant
- a verb meaning to back up and provide persuasive evidence for a claim
- in formulating an argument, or providing a justification, warrants are often important
97
anecdotalism
- only showing quotations that support the writer's argument at the expense of negative or deviant cases that might go against the case being made, or require its further elaboration
98
collocation
- collocated words are ones which are commonly found next to, or near, a particular word
99
comparative keyword analysis (CKA)
- keyword analysis in which two texts of interest are compared with each other, rather than with a reference corpus
100
concordance
- a list of all of the words appearing in a text, often shown in their immediate context
101
content analysis
- normally used in methods texts to refer to the quantitative analysis of texts or images, content analysis is in practice often combined with qualitative thematic analysis to produce a broadly interpretive approach in which quotations as well as numerical counts are used to summarize important facets of the raw materials analysed
102
disambiguation of meaning
- a word is said to be disambiguated when the various meanings which it is used to convey have been adequately identified
103
Kappa statistic
- a measure of inter-rater reliability when applying a coding scheme of content analysis of text
- the value range is from zero to one, and a value of 0.81 or greater indicates almost perfect agreement
104
latent content
- an analysis of text informed by the interpretation of the researcher, rather than being a report of manifest content
105
manifest content
- the surface characteristics of content, described with the minimum of interpretive judgement (e.g. how long a text is, how many times a particular word occurs, which words are often to be found together)
106
marginals (of a table)
- the edges of a table which sum the values for their respective rows and columns
107
mutual information (MI) score
- an adjustment made for the phenomenon whereby common words, such as 'the' or 'and', routinely appear as collocates of keywords, indicating which collocates co-occur more often than might be expected by chance alone
108
semantic prosody
- a positive or negative connotation for a particular word, determined by its common collocates
109
break characteristics
- categories that distinguish groups from each other
110
control categories
- used when allocating participants to focus groups according to some characteristics which the researcher wishes to remain constant or unchanged across the groups, such as a common gender or a common voting preference
111
interaction
- at its broadest, interaction is the basis of all social life. Much more narrowly, and in relation to focus group research, interaction can be considered a key feature in this form of data collection
112
naturalism
- naturalists take the view that the methods of the natural sciences are appropriate to the study of the social and cultural world
113
purposive sampling
- a non-probability sampling strategy in which the researcher selects participants whoa re considered to be typical of the wider population or have a significant relation to the research topic
114
quota sampling
- a purposive, non-probability sampling strategy where the researcher identifies the proportions in various strata of a population (e.g. people placed into age groupings by gender) and ensures that all these strata are proportionately represented within the sample to increase its representativeness
115
theoretical sampling
- choosing a sampling element (e.g. a person, a social setting) on the basis of its likely contribution to a (grounded) theory emerging during the course of a study
