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Geology 101 > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

force applied to a rock per unit area

A

stress

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2
Q

change in a rock’s composition by fluid transport of chemical substances into or out of it

A

metasomatism

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3
Q

the most widespread type of metamorphism that takes place where both high temperatures and high pressures are imposed over large parts of the crust

A

regional metamorphism

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4
Q

where the heat from an igneous intrusion metamorphoses the rock immediately surrounding it

A

contact metamorphism

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5
Q

where hot basaltic lava at a seafloor spreading center heats infiltrating seawater

A

seafloor metamorphism

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6
Q

low grade metamorphism that is caused by the progressive increase in pressure exerted by the growing layers of overlying sidemen’s and sedimentary rocks and by the increase in heat associated with increased depth of burial

A

burial metamorphism

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7
Q

rocks formed by pressure 8 to 12 kbar

A

high pressure metamorphism

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8
Q

rocks formed by pressures greater than 28 kbar

A

ultra-high pressure metamorphism

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9
Q

unusual metamorphic rocks once located at the base of the crust that are now found at the surface

A

eclogites

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10
Q

occurs when a meteorite collides with earth

A

shock metamorphism

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11
Q

a set of flat or wavy parallel cleavage planes produced by deformation of igneous and sedimentary rocks under directed pressure

A

foliation

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12
Q

rocks classified according to metamorphic grade, grain size, type of foliation, and banding

A

foliated rocks

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13
Q

the lowest grade of foliated rocks

A

slates

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14
Q

rocks of a slightly higher grade than slate

A

phyllite

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15
Q

the parallel arrangement of platy minerals that produces a coarse, wavy foliation known as schistosity; intermediate grade

A

schist

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16
Q

light colored rocks with coarse bands of light and dark minerals throughout the rock

A

gneiss

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17
Q

rocks that melt slightly before solidifying again creating a badly deformed and contorted rock that is penetrated by veins, small pods, and lenses of melted rock

A

migmatite

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18
Q

non foliated metamorphic rocks composed mainly of crystals that grow in equidimensional shapes such as cubes and spheres

A

granoblastic rocks

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19
Q

a high temperature contact metamorphic rock of uniform grain size that has undergone little or no deformation

A

hornfels

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20
Q

large crystals found in rocks formed both by contact and by regional metamorphism

A

porphyroblasts

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21
Q

the makeup of lowest grade rocks in regional metamorphism of a basalt

A

zeolite

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22
Q

a higher grade of metamorphosed mafic volcanic rocks

A

greenschists

23
Q

mafic volcanic rocks where the pressure is high and the temperature is moderate

A

blueschist

24
Q

groupings of rocks of various mineral compositions formed under particular conditions of temperature and pressure from different parent rocks

A

metamorphic facies

25
Q

transported back to earth’s surface

A

exhumed

26
Q

the distinctive history of changing temperature and pressure that is reflected in the texture and mineralogy of metamorphic rocks

A

P-T path (pressure-temperature path)

27
Q

the remnant of such a boundary left behind in the geologic record

A

suture

28
Q

stretch and pull rock formations apart and dominate at divergent boundaries

A

tensional forces

29
Q

squeeze and shorten rock formations and dominate at convergent boundaries

A

compressive forces

30
Q

shear two parts of a rock formation in opposite directions and dominate at transform boundaries

A

shearing forces

31
Q

groups of rock layers that can be identified throughout a region by their physical properties

A

formations

32
Q

the compass direction of a rock layer where it intersects with a horizontal surface

A

strike

33
Q

the angle at which the rock layer inclines from the horizontal

A

dip

34
Q

two dimensional representations of the rock formations exposed at earth’s surface

A

geologic maps

35
Q

diagrams showing the features that would be visible if vertical slices were made through part of the crust

A

geologic cross sections

36
Q

pliable

A

ductile

37
Q

a fracture that displaces the rock on either side of it

A

fault

38
Q

a fault on which there has been relative movement of blocks of rock up or down the dip of the fault plane

A

dip-slip fault

39
Q

a fault on which the movement of blocks has been horizontal, parallel to the strike of the fault plane

A

strike-slip fault

40
Q

the block of rock above a dipping fault plane

A

hanging wall

41
Q

block of rock below a dipping fault plane

A

foot wall

42
Q

a dip-slip fault if the hanging wall moves downward relative to the foot wall, extending the structure horizontally

A

normal fault

43
Q

a low angled reverse fault so that the movement is more horizontal than vertical

A

thrust fault

44
Q

faults that are both strike-slip and dip-slip

A

oblique slip faults

45
Q

occur when an originally planar structure is bent into a curved structure

A

fold

46
Q

folds in which layered rocks are bent upward into arches

A

anticlines

47
Q

folds in which rocks are bent downward into troughs

A

synclines

48
Q

have limbs that dip symmetrically from the axial plane

A

symmetrical folds

49
Q

have one limb that dips more steeply than the other

A

asymmetrical folds

50
Q

have limbs that dip in the same direction, but one limb has been tilted beyond the vertical

A

overturned folds

51
Q

a bowl-shaped depression of rock layers in which the beds dip toward a central point

A

basin

52
Q

a broad circular or oval upward bulge of rock layers

A

dome

53
Q

a crack in a rock formation along which there has been no appreciable movement

A

joint

Geology 101 (5 decks)

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