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Geology 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the molten rock beneath the earth’s surface called?

A

magma

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2
Q

What is the name for a basaltic lava flow that has a ropy, folded surface?

A

pahoehoe

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3
Q

The eruption of vast quantities of superheated steam is called a ___________

A

phreatic explosion

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4
Q

Which volcanic environment will, on average, produce the most felsic lavas?

A

continental arc

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5
Q

At what boundary within the earth is believed that mantle plumes originate?

A

mantle-outer core boundary

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6
Q

Small vents on volcanoes that emit gas fumes and steam are called_________

A

fumaroles

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7
Q

the amount of ground displacement in an earthquake is called the _________

A

slip

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8
Q

Which plate boundaries are associated with earthquake activity?

A

convergent, divergent, transform

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9
Q

earthquakes that originate at depths greater than 100 kilometers are associated with __________ boundaries

A

convergent

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10
Q

What does the elastic rebound theory describe?

A

the build up and release of stress during an earthquake

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11
Q

What type of seismic wave causes the most building damage?

A

surface waves

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12
Q

the average time between large earthquake events along a fault is known as the _________ interval

A

recurrence

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13
Q

What type of seismic waves are S waves?

A

shear waves

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14
Q

What causes large scale variations in the earth’s geoid?

A

variations in gravity

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15
Q

If the earth’s atmosphere did not contain greenhouse gases, the earth’s surface would be_________

A

approximately 33 degrees celsius cooler

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16
Q

What is the Cryosphere?

A

ice caps and glaciers

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17
Q

What is the earth’s albedo?

A

the fraction of solar energy reflected by the earth’s surface

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18
Q

which of the following do we think has most changed the carbon cycle over the past 150 years?

A

burning of fossil fuels

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19
Q

Which of the following removes carbon from the atmosphere?

A

photosynthesis

20
Q

The two most common chemical elements in the earth’s atmosphere are _____ and ______

A

nitrogen and oxygen

21
Q

What is the general process by which rocks are broken down at the earth’s surface?

A

weathering

22
Q

Which of the following statements about weathering is false?

A

the presence of soil slows down weathering of the underlying bedrock

23
Q

Which of the following statements about mass movements is false?

A

mass movements require wind or running water

24
Q

Which of the following forces is the dominant cause of mass movement?

A

gravity

25
Q

Shallow earthquakes, less than 20 km deep, are associated with ___________.

A

convergent, divergent, transform

26
Q

What is the approximate distance from the surface to the center of the Earth?

A

6400 km

27
Q

What type of seismic wave is depicted by the ray path in the diagram?

A

P wave

28
Q

Which of the following statements about the Moho (Mohovoricic discontinuity) is false?

A

The Moho marks the top of a partially molten layer.

29
Q

What principle is based on the continents being less dense than the underlying mantle?

A

Isostasy

30
Q

Which layer in the earth does not transmit S waves?

A

outer core

31
Q

Calculations suggest that the inner core________

A

spins at a faster rate than the rest of the earth

32
Q

Where is the earth’s magnetic field generated?

A

outer core

33
Q

The Earth’s magnetic field shields the surface of the Earth from _________.

A

solar winds

34
Q

Solidified fragments of volcanic material ejected into the air are called _________.

A

pyroclasts

35
Q

How many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

A

3

36
Q

The area on the surface of the Earth where P waves and S waves are not recorded by seismograms following an earthquake event are referred to as _______.

A

shadow zones

37
Q

The Mercalli intensity scale measures ____.

A

the amount of destruction caused by an earthquake

38
Q

What is a traveltime curve?

A

graph of travel-time vs. distance

39
Q

Based on seismic tomographic images, how deep do subducting slabs extend?

A

to the core mantle boundary

40
Q

Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

A

sulfure dioxide

41
Q

Which of the following minerals, present in a granite, is not altered by chemical weathering?

A

quartz

42
Q

What minerals are responsible for the orange-brown colors of weathered surfaces in the desert?

A

iron oxides

43
Q

The Milankovitch cycles are dependent on the Earth’s ________.

A

orbital eccentricity, precession, angle of tilt

44
Q

Which of the following minerals is most likely to form a clay mineral during weathering?

A

feldspar

45
Q

Organic matter in the Earth’s topsoil is called ______

A

humus

Geology 101 (5 decks)

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