Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.5 billion years

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2
Q

The earth’s core is primarily made up of_____

A

iron

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3
Q

What powers the earth’s external heat engine?

A

solar energy

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4
Q

The Principle of Catastrophism views the development of earth as______

A

a series of sporadic, cataclysmic events

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5
Q

New oceanic crust is created at________

A

mid-ocean ridges

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6
Q

Which of the following relationships is correct?

A

lithosphere= crust + upper mantle

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7
Q

continental crust differs from oceanic crust in which of the following characteristics?

A

thickness, density, composition

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8
Q

What drives plate tectonics?

A

mantle convection

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9
Q

Which of the following mountain ranges is the product of ocean-ocean convergence?

A

the Japanese islands

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10
Q

Which of the following statements about subduction zones is true?

A

all subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries

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11
Q

What drives plate tectonics?

A

mantle convection

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12
Q

A divergent plate boundary like the East African Rift is a result of _______ stresses within the crust.

A

tensional

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13
Q

ocean going under continent?

A

subduction zone

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14
Q

Oceanic crust that records negative magnetic anomalies formed when the earth’s magnetic field was ________

A

reversed from what it is today

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15
Q

On a map of the seafloor, the boundaries between normally magnetized oceanic crust and reversely magnetized oceanic crust are called __________.

A

isochrons

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16
Q

Evidence for magnetic reversals has been primarily preserved in:

A

extrusive igneous rocks associated with mid-ocean ridges

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17
Q

Mantle plumes (hot spots) form at ______

A

the core mantle boundary

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18
Q

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of _______

A

neutrons

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19
Q

What is the most common type of bonding in minerals?

A

ionic bonding

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20
Q

Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons will the sodium ion Na+ have?

A

10

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21
Q

The mineral property “cleavage” refers to __________.

A

the splitting of a mineral along planar surfaces

22
Q

Diamond is an example of what type of bonding?

A

covalent bonding

23
Q

What is the hardest mineral?

24
Q

Which of the following processes occurs during lithification?

A

recrystallization of unstable minerals
compaction
cementation

25
True or False: Ultimately, any rock type (igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic) can be turned into any other rock type via the processes of the rock cycle.
True
26
Intrusive igneous rocks form ________
Inside the earth's crust
27
What type of rock makes up most of the Hawaiian Islands?
Basalt
28
Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow?
in the center of the flow
29
Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica content?
ultramafic
30
The presence of water will ________ the melting temperature of a rock
Decrease
31
The motion of a flowing material where hot matter rises from the bottom and cool matter sinks from the surface is called ____________ .
Convection
32
What are the “plates” of plate tectonics made up of?
lithosphere
33
The east coast of North America is______
not a plate boundary
34
Which of the following elements tends to share electrons?
carbon
35
In order to make a sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl) bond in NaCl, __________.
one electron is transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom
36
What is limestone made of?
calcite
37
Which of the following is the least reliable physical property?
color
38
Large crystals with well-formed crystal faces tend to form when ____ .
minerals have space to grow
39
How fast do magmas rise through the crust?
a few meters per year
40
Magnetic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field occur when:
the earth's magnetic poles flip
41
What is the approximate silica content of a granite?
70%
42
Large igneous bodies that form at depth in the Earth's crust are called ______.
plutons
43
Large igneous bodies that form at depth in the Earth's crust are called ______.
batholiths
44
The main difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is _______.
where they solidify
45
Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes at the Earth's surface?
basalt
46
Which of the following elements is more abundant in the Earth's crust as compared to the Earth as a whole?
silicon
47
Which of the following tectonic settings has the greatest range in magma compositions?
convergent plate boundaries
48
Burial of sediments results in __________.
increasing pressure and temperature
49
What type of sediments are accumulations of solid fragments produced by weathering?
clastic sediments
50
Which of the following environments is an example of a shoreline environment?
Deltaic
51
Sedimentary processes take place ________
at or near the earth's surface