Exam 1

Question 1

How old is the earth?

Answer 1

4.5 billion years

Question 2

The earth’s core is primarily made up of_____

Answer 2

iron

Question 3

What powers the earth’s external heat engine?

Answer 3

solar energy

Question 4

The Principle of Catastrophism views the development of earth as______

Answer 4

a series of sporadic, cataclysmic events

Question 5

New oceanic crust is created at________

Answer 5

mid-ocean ridges

Question 6

Which of the following relationships is correct?

Answer 6

lithosphere= crust + upper mantle

Question 7

continental crust differs from oceanic crust in which of the following characteristics?

Answer 7

thickness, density, composition

Question 8

What drives plate tectonics?

Answer 8

mantle convection

Question 9

Which of the following mountain ranges is the product of ocean-ocean convergence?

Answer 9

the Japanese islands

Question 10

Which of the following statements about subduction zones is true?

Answer 10

all subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries

Question 11

What drives plate tectonics?

Answer 11

mantle convection

Question 12

A divergent plate boundary like the East African Rift is a result of _______ stresses within the crust.

Answer 12

tensional

Question 13

ocean going under continent?

Answer 13

subduction zone

Question 14

Oceanic crust that records negative magnetic anomalies formed when the earth’s magnetic field was ________

Answer 14

reversed from what it is today

Question 15

On a map of the seafloor, the boundaries between normally magnetized oceanic crust and reversely magnetized oceanic crust are called __________.

Answer 15

isochrons

Question 16

Evidence for magnetic reversals has been primarily preserved in:

Answer 16

extrusive igneous rocks associated with mid-ocean ridges

Question 17

Mantle plumes (hot spots) form at ______

Answer 17

the core mantle boundary

Question 18

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of _______

Answer 18

neutrons

Question 19

What is the most common type of bonding in minerals?

Answer 19

ionic bonding

Question 20

Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons will the sodium ion Na+ have?

Answer 20

10

Question 21

The mineral property “cleavage” refers to __________.

Answer 21

the splitting of a mineral along planar surfaces

Question 22

Diamond is an example of what type of bonding?

Answer 22

covalent bonding

Question 23

What is the hardest mineral?

Answer 23

Diamond

Question 24

Which of the following processes occurs during lithification?

Answer 24

recrystallization of unstable minerals
compaction
cementation

Question 25

True or False: Ultimately, any rock type (igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic) can be turned into any other rock type via the processes of the rock cycle.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Intrusive igneous rocks form ________

Answer 26

Inside the earth's crust

Question 27

What type of rock makes up most of the Hawaiian Islands?

Answer 27

Basalt

Question 28

Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow?

Answer 28

in the center of the flow

Question 29

Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica content?

Answer 29

ultramafic

Question 30

The presence of water will ________ the melting temperature of a rock

Answer 30

Decrease

Question 31

The motion of a flowing material where hot matter rises from the bottom and cool matter sinks from the surface is called ____________ .

Answer 31

Convection

Question 32

What are the “plates” of plate tectonics made up of?

Answer 32

lithosphere

Question 33

The east coast of North America is______

Answer 33

not a plate boundary

Question 34

Which of the following elements tends to share electrons?

Answer 34

carbon

Question 35

In order to make a sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl) bond in NaCl, __________.

Answer 35

one electron is transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom

Question 36

What is limestone made of?

Answer 36

calcite

Question 37

Which of the following is the least reliable physical property?

Answer 37

color

Question 38

Large crystals with well-formed crystal faces tend to form when ____ .

Answer 38

minerals have space to grow

Question 39

How fast do magmas rise through the crust?

Answer 39

a few meters per year

Question 40

Magnetic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field occur when:

Answer 40

the earth's magnetic poles flip

Question 41

What is the approximate silica content of a granite?

Answer 41

70%

Question 42

Large igneous bodies that form at depth in the Earth's crust are called ______.

Answer 42

plutons

Question 43

Large igneous bodies that form at depth in the Earth's crust are called ______.

Answer 43

batholiths

Question 44

The main difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is _______.

Answer 44

where they solidify

Question 45

Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes at the Earth's surface?

Answer 45

basalt

Question 46

Which of the following elements is more abundant in the Earth's crust as compared to the Earth as a whole?

Answer 46

silicon

Question 47

Which of the following tectonic settings has the greatest range in magma compositions?

Answer 47

convergent plate boundaries

Question 48

Burial of sediments results in __________.

Answer 48

increasing pressure and temperature

Question 49

What type of sediments are accumulations of solid fragments produced by weathering?

Answer 49

clastic sediments

Question 50

Which of the following environments is an example of a shoreline environment?

Answer 50

Deltaic

Question 51

Sedimentary processes take place ________

Answer 51

at or near the earth's surface