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Geology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.5 billion years

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2
Q

The earth’s core is primarily made up of_____

A

iron

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3
Q

What powers the earth’s external heat engine?

A

solar energy

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4
Q

The Principle of Catastrophism views the development of earth as______

A

a series of sporadic, cataclysmic events

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5
Q

New oceanic crust is created at________

A

mid-ocean ridges

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6
Q

Which of the following relationships is correct?

A

lithosphere= crust + upper mantle

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7
Q

continental crust differs from oceanic crust in which of the following characteristics?

A

thickness, density, composition

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8
Q

What drives plate tectonics?

A

mantle convection

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9
Q

Which of the following mountain ranges is the product of ocean-ocean convergence?

A

the Japanese islands

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10
Q

Which of the following statements about subduction zones is true?

A

all subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries

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11
Q

What drives plate tectonics?

A

mantle convection

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12
Q

A divergent plate boundary like the East African Rift is a result of _______ stresses within the crust.

A

tensional

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13
Q

ocean going under continent?

A

subduction zone

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14
Q

Oceanic crust that records negative magnetic anomalies formed when the earth’s magnetic field was ________

A

reversed from what it is today

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15
Q

On a map of the seafloor, the boundaries between normally magnetized oceanic crust and reversely magnetized oceanic crust are called __________.

A

isochrons

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16
Q

Evidence for magnetic reversals has been primarily preserved in:

A

extrusive igneous rocks associated with mid-ocean ridges

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17
Q

Mantle plumes (hot spots) form at ______

A

the core mantle boundary

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18
Q

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of _______

A

neutrons

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19
Q

What is the most common type of bonding in minerals?

A

ionic bonding

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20
Q

Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons will the sodium ion Na+ have?

A

10

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21
Q

The mineral property “cleavage” refers to __________.

A

the splitting of a mineral along planar surfaces

22
Q

Diamond is an example of what type of bonding?

A

covalent bonding

23
Q

What is the hardest mineral?

A

Diamond

24
Q

Which of the following processes occurs during lithification?

A

recrystallization of unstable minerals
compaction
cementation

25
Q

True or False: Ultimately, any rock type (igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic) can be turned into any other rock type via the processes of the rock cycle.

A

True

26
Q

Intrusive igneous rocks form ________

A

Inside the earth’s crust

27
Q

What type of rock makes up most of the Hawaiian Islands?

A

Basalt

28
Q

Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow?

A

in the center of the flow

29
Q

Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica content?

A

ultramafic

30
Q

The presence of water will ________ the melting temperature of a rock

A

Decrease

31
Q

The motion of a flowing material where hot matter rises from the bottom and cool matter sinks from the surface is called ____________ .

A

Convection

32
Q

What are the “plates” of plate tectonics made up of?

A

lithosphere

33
Q

The east coast of North America is______

A

not a plate boundary

34
Q

Which of the following elements tends to share electrons?

A

carbon

35
Q

In order to make a sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl) bond in NaCl, __________.

A

one electron is transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom

36
Q

What is limestone made of?

A

calcite

37
Q

Which of the following is the least reliable physical property?

A

color

38
Q

Large crystals with well-formed crystal faces tend to form when ____ .

A

minerals have space to grow

39
Q

How fast do magmas rise through the crust?

A

a few meters per year

40
Q

Magnetic reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field occur when:

A

the earth’s magnetic poles flip

41
Q

What is the approximate silica content of a granite?

A

70%

42
Q

Large igneous bodies that form at depth in the Earth’s crust are called ______.

A

plutons

43
Q

Large igneous bodies that form at depth in the Earth’s crust are called ______.

A

batholiths

44
Q

The main difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is _______.

A

where they solidify

45
Q

Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes at the Earth’s surface?

A

basalt

46
Q

Which of the following elements is more abundant in the Earth’s crust as compared to the Earth as a whole?

A

silicon

47
Q

Which of the following tectonic settings has the greatest range in magma compositions?

A

convergent plate boundaries

48
Q

Burial of sediments results in __________.

A

increasing pressure and temperature

49
Q

What type of sediments are accumulations of solid fragments produced by weathering?

A

clastic sediments

50
Q

Which of the following environments is an example of a shoreline environment?

A

Deltaic

51
Q

Sedimentary processes take place ________

A

at or near the earth’s surface

Geology 101 (5 decks)

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