Terms Flashcards
Ethics
rules or standards guiding how people live their lives and make decisions.
Beneficence
to act for the benefit of others.
Can I Watch (a) DVD? (What does it stand for?)
Confidentiality, Informed consent, Withdrawal rights, Deception, Voluntary, Debriefing.
Validity
How well a test measures what it claims to measure. It needs to be valid.
Scientific Method
The process by which scientists plan, carry out, and report on their research.
Variable
A factor that can change in observable and measurable ways.
Independent Variable
What the researcher is testing. It usually causes something to happen.
Dependent Variable
What the researcher is measuring. It is a response to the Independent Variable.
Extraneous Variable
any variable that hasn’t been changed in the experiment, but might still affect the result. This is often an outside factor.
Control Group
A group of participants who do not receive the Independent Variable.
Experimental Group
A group of participants who do receive the Independent Variable.
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Conclusions
Our understanding of how the Independent variable affects the dependent variable
Placebo Effect
where there is change in a participant’s behaviour due to the expectations about an experiment.
Placebo
a fake treatment used so that no participants know whether they are exposed to the experimental condition.
Experimenter Effect
The experimenter’s behaviour towards a control or experimental group may be biased and influence participants unintentionally.
No Blind
Researchers and Participants know who is in the control or experimental group.
Single Blind
Researchers know who the control and experimental groups are, but control groups are given a placebo.
Double Blind
Control groups are given a placebo, and researchers don’t know who is in the control group or the experimental group.
Psychology
The study of the human mind and behaviour.
Steps of Scientific Method
Identify, Hypothesis, Design Method, Collect Data, Analyse Data, Results
Case Study
An examination of a particular case within a real-world context.
Observational Study
When researchers collect information from participants or look at data that was already collected.
Longitudinal Study
Researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time.
Cross-Sectional Study
Where researchers collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time.
Interview Study
Relies on asking questions to collect data.
Population
The group of people the experiment is interested in.
Sample
The smaller group who will be in the experiment.
Convenience Sampling
Selecting the easiest subjects and asking them to participate.
Random Sampling
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Stratified Sampling
Attempts to reflect the demographics of the population and mirror that in participant selection.
Subjective Data
Based on opinion and collected through observation or self-reports.
Objective Data
Based on measurable data and collected through observation or measuring.
Mean
The mean gives the average.
Median
The median is the middle number of a data set.
Mode
The mode is the number that occurs most often.
