Exam Revision Flashcards
Ethics
Rules or standards that guide how people live their lives and make decisions.
Beneficence
The moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. (Do No Harm)
Can I Watch a DVD? (what does it stand for?)
Confidentiality
Informed Consent
Withdrawal Rights
Deception
Voluntary
Debriefing
Confidentiality
All participants details must be kept confidential
Informed Consent
Participants must be aware of the experiment and give consent to participate.
Withdrawal Rights
Participants must be allowed to withdraw from the experiment at any time.
Deception
The participant must be debriefed if any deception was used.
Voluntary
Participants must freely volunteer to participate in the experiment.
Debriefing
Participants must be debriefed and provide treatment if required.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. A test must be valid.
Scientific Method Definition
The process is where students plan, carry out, and report on their research.
What is a variable?
A factor that can change in observable and measurable ways.
Independent Variable
What the researcher is testing. It causes something to happen.
Dependant Variable
What the researcher is measuring. It is a response to the IV.
Extraneous Variable
It may influence the DV and need to be controlled. (any other variables except for the IV)
Control Group
Group of participants who do not receive the IV.
Experimental Group
Group of participants who do receive the IV.
Placebo Effect
Change in the participants behaviour due to the expectations around the experiment.
Placebo
A fake or false treatment so no participants know whether they are exposed to the experimental condition.
Experimenter Effect
The experimenter’s behaviour may be biased and influence the participants unintentionally.
No Blind Study
Researchers AND participants know who the control group and experimental group are.
Single Blind
Researchers know who the control and experimental groups are, but control groups are given a placebo.
Double Blind
Control groups are given a placebo and researchers don’t know who’s in the control or experimental group.
Types of Studies (5 total)
Case Study, Observational Study, Cross-Sectional Study, Longitudinal Study & Interviews.
Population (related to psychology)
The group of people that the experiment is interested in/related to.
Sample
The smaller group who will be in the experiment.
Convenience Sampling
Selecting the easiest subjects and asking them to participate.
Random Sampling
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Stratified Sampling
Reflect the population when selecting participants.
Central Nervous System
Made up of brain and spinal cord. Processes information and sends out messages.
Peripheral Nervous System
Made up of nerves which take the message to and from the CNS around the body.
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary movements
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary movements.
e.g muscles to body.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fight or Flight
- Increases Heart Rate, blood pressure, sweat glands.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rest and Digest
- conserves energy
- controls digestion, bladder
Brings body back to normal state.
3 Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons
Interneurons
Motor Neurons
Sensory Neurons
Sensitive to heat and light
Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from the eyes, ears, tongue and skin
Interneurons
Transmit messages between the neurons in the body and the central nervous system.
Only located in the CNS
Motor Neurons
Carry messages from the CNS to the muscles which process this as an action or movement.
7 Parts of a Neuron
Soma (cell body), Nucleus, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Dendrites, Axon Terminals, Synapse.
Nucleus
Control Centre
Dendrites
Collect electrical messages from other neurons.
Soma
Cell Body
Myelin Sheath
Insulates and protects the message and allows electrical signals to pass through quickly and efficiently.
Axon
Transmit information between neurons
Axon Terminals
Transmit information to other neurons
Synapse
Connect one neuron to the other
The gap between two neurons.
What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?
- Controls motor and sensory from the right side of the body
- Speech, language
- Logical thinking & calculations
- Words, letters, numbers
- Maths, English
What does the right hemisphere of the brain control?
- Controls motor and sensory from the right side of the body
- creativity
- recognition of faces, places and objects.
- music
What does the Cerebrum do?
controls your thoughts and voluntary movements throughout the body.
What does the Cerebellum do?
coordination and balance
What does the brain stem do?
controls the body’s vital functions such as:
- breathing
- blood pressure
- heart rate
What does the Basal Ganglia do?
- controls movements
- habits
- feelings of reward
What does the Thalamus do?
- regulation of sleep, consciousness and alertness.
- motor and sensory information
What does the Hypothalamus do?
keeps body balanced
controls:
- body temp
- hunger
- fatigue
- sleep
What does the Amygdala do?
- processing emotions
- emotional responses (especially fear)
What does the Hippocampus do?
- processing memories
- converting short-term memories into long-term memories.
What does the Frontal Lobe do?
Front part of the brain;
- personality
- decision making
- voluntary movement
What does the Parietal Lobe do?
In the middle and top of the brain;
- coordination
- All sensory information
What does the Temporal Lobe do?
Bottom of the brain on both sides;
- memory
- emotions
- speech & language
- All auditory information
What does the Occipital Lobe do?
located at the base of the skull;
Visual processing:
- spacial processing
- colour processing
- depth perception
- face recognition
What is the Cerebral Cortex?
the outer layer of tissue on the brain.
Corpus Callosum
bundle of nerve fibres that enable communication between the two hemispheres
F-POT
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
What is the Mental Health Continuum?
The scale and range from being mentally healthy, having a mental problem or mental disorder.
6 approaches to normality
‘Senior Students From High School Musical’
Sociocultural
Situaltional
Functional
Historical
Statistical
Medical
Sociocultural
It’s normal if other people (society) do it.
Functional
It’s abnormal if you cannot take care of yourself and work.
Historical
It might not be normal now, but it was then.
Situational
It might be normal in that situation, but not in this one.
Medical
If you are not normal, it’s because you have an illness.
Statistical
If most people do it, it’s normal. If few people do it, it’s abnormal.
Neurodiverse/Neurodivergent Conditions
- Dyslexia
- Dyspraxia
- OCD*
- Tourette’s
- Autism
- ADHD
Dyspraxia
affects your physical coordination
BPS Model stands for:
Bio-Psycho-Social Model
Biological
Psychological
Social
