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PSY1101 > terms > Flashcards

terms Flashcards

1
Q

Oligodendrocytes assist the myelin sheath where?

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

Schwan cells assist the myelin sheath where?

A

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What function do microglia serve? What do they play a role in?

A

Immune function, play a role in learning and memory.

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4
Q

What is the degeneration of Microglia linked ith?

A

Alzheimer’s

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5
Q

What are asrocytes use for?

A

Formation of the immune system for the brain

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6
Q

What disease are astocytes linked to?

A

Neurodegenerative diseases

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7
Q

What % water is a neuron made of?

A

80%

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8
Q

What are the dissolved chemicals in a neuron?

A

Na+, Cl-, K+

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9
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Excitatory

Learning, muscle action

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10
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory

Learning, movement

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11
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory

Learning, anxiety regulation through inhibition of neurons

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12
Q

Dopamine

A

Both

Learning, reward/pleasure

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13
Q

Serotonin

A

Both

Elevation/depression of mood

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14
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Both

Elevation/depression of mood

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15
Q

Endorphins/Enkaphlains

A

Both

Regulation of pain responses

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16
Q

CT scan

A

Computerized Tomography

Uses x-rays that pas through body, can generate images of “slices” of the body

ex. detect changes in structure to to disease

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17
Q

pros/cons of CT scan

A

pro:
- Fast, cheap, non-invasive

con:
- radiation exposure
- only less us see the structures of the brain, not the brain in action

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18
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Uses magnetic fields to image alignments of H+ ions (diff tissues have diff amts of water
ex. can detect changes in structure due to disease

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19
Q

pros/cons of MRI

A

pro:
- noninvasive, great precision, no radiation

con:
- very expensive
- cannot have biomedical devices or metal in patients
- just gives an image of the brain, not the brain in action

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20
Q

fMRI

A

functional MRI

uses magnetic fields to image alignments of H+ ions. exposed to magnetic field –> tracks oxygenated blood

More active parts of brain will consume more oxygenated blood

ex. can measure activation during task/stimulation

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21
Q

DTI

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

tracks and images water movement alone neural pathways, can measure density of neural tracts (bundles of axons). Tracks nerves of the brain and the connections between different areas

ex. study white matter degeneration in disease

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22
Q

pros/cons of DTI

A

pro:
- noninvasive
- no radiation
- no injections

con:
- interpretation can be difficult in tracts with diff kinds of fibers

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23
Q

pros/cons of fMRI

A

pro:
- noninvasive
- no radiation
- no injections

con:
- cardiovascular disease/compromise function can make measurements unreliable –> elay between stimulus/output
- shows the brain in action

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24
Q

PET/SPECT

A

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Uses ingested radioactive compound to track molecular changes, person is injected with radioactive substance

ex. visualize the activity of specific neurotransmitters

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25
Q

What substance are patients usually injected with for a PET scan?

A

Glucose

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26
Q

Pros/cons of PET/SPECT

A

pro:
- can see molecular changes in real time
- determine which part of brain is more active
- can see brain in action

con:
- radiation exposure

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27
Q

What is psychology

A

SCIENTIFIC study of how we think, feel, and behave

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28
Q

Why can we not rely on common sense?

A

common sense for one person may not be common sense for another

it does not generate new knowledge

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29
Q

Rationalism

A

We must use pure logic reasoning, and critical thinking
–> senses are deceiving and we cannot use them to learn about the natural work

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30
Q

Empiricism

A

We must use our senses, experiences, and systematic observations

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31
Q

What did Kant say?

A

We must use both are sense and our logic so that we can put things together in a coherent and meaningful way

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32
Q

what is the scientific method

A
  1. identify
  2. gather info
  3. develop hypothesis
  4. design/conduct experiment
  5. analyze data and draw conclusion
  6. restart process
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33
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a tentative statement

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34
Q

what is the requirement for a hypothesis?

A

must be falsifiable

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35
Q

Henry Molaison case study

A

as a boy, experienced mild seizures after falling off his bike and hitting his head

last resort → bilateral ablation (medical procedure to remove or otherwise destroy tissue) to ventral medial temporal lobes
- removed hippocampus
seizures stopped, but he couldn’t form new memories

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36
Q

what are the 2 divisons of the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
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37
Q

what are the cells of the NS

A

neurons, glial cells

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38
Q

what does the NS do

A

receive info from the external world and analyze/organize/interpret the information in a meaningful way

send messages to muscles so that they can produce behaviours

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39
Q

what do neurons do?

A

basic unit of communication that is an electrochemical process

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40
Q

what is action potential

A

electrical impulse that travels down the neuron and leads to the release of neurotransmitters

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41
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that carry messages to other neurons

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42
Q

soma

A

nucleus/DNA inside soma

manufactures everything the neuron needs to survive

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43
Q

dendrites

A

increase surface area of soma without taking up space

antennas of neuron, receives messages from other neurons

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44
Q

axon

A

where action potential travels down until it reaches terminal buttons

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45
Q

axon branches/terminals

A

little knobs at the ends of axon branches that contain the neural transmitters

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46
Q

terminal buttons

A

action potential release neural signals when they reach the terminal buttons

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47
Q

myelin sheath

A

white, fatty-like substance that provides insulation to axon

allows information to transmit very fast

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48
Q

do all axons have myelin sheath?

A

NO

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49
Q

synpase

A

place where neurons meet to communicate

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50
Q

synaptic cleft/gap

A

space between 2 neurons at the synapse

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51
Q

presynaptic vs postsynaptic neuron

A

presynaptic sends out messages

postsynaptic receives messages

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52
Q

what are the glial cells to neurons

A

NANNIES of neurons

help with development, nutrition, insulation, protection, cleaning

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53
Q

what is the function of glial cells

A

involved in higher mental functioning -> learning, memory, intelligence

linked with brain diseases

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54
Q

ions in a neuron at rest?

A
  • negatively charged INSIDE (-70mV)
  • positively charged OUTSIDE
  • membrane is polarized
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55
Q

inhibitory messages

A

instruct neuron not to fire

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56
Q

how do inhibitory neurons change the concentration of ions

A

from -70 –> -77mV

HYPERPOLARIZED

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57
Q

excitatory neurons

A

instruct neuron to fire

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58
Q

how to excitatory neurons change the concentration of ions

A

from -70 –> -63 mV

DEPOLARIZED

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59
Q

when do neurons fire their signal

A

about -50mV

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60
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath

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61
Q

what are nodes of ranvier for

A

channels so that ions can get in/out of the neuron

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62
Q

what happens chemically when neurons receive inhibitory messages

A

Cl- channels open and ions move INSIDE the neuron (influx)

inside of neuron is more negative (HYPERPOLARIZED(

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63
Q

what happens chemically when a neuron receives excitatory messages?

A

Na+ channels open and ions move INSIDE neuron (influx)

increases positive charge in neuron

if it charge reaches -50mV(threshold of excitation) neuron will fire

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64
Q

what happens after Na+ channels open in order to go back to its resting potential?

A

K+ channels open and ions leave neuron (efflux)

neuron reaches -70mV again

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65
Q

refractory period

A

period where neuron will not fire again if stimulated due to hyperpolarization

more negative than -70 due to K+ ions moving out of neuron

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66
Q

where does a neurotransmitter attach

A

to receptor sites

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67
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitters go back to the neuron that released it and is recycled for future use

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68
Q

degradation of neurotransmitters

A

enzyme breaks it down

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69
Q

why must a neurotransmitter be deavtivated

A

it will deliver the same message over and over again

overexcited the neurotransmitter

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70
Q

what are abnormal levels of dopamine linked to

A

shizophrenia

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71
Q

where do drugs produce their levels at

A

synapse

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72
Q

agonists (drugs)

A

enhance activity of neurotransmitters

can mimic a neurotransmitter and will deliver the same message

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73
Q

antagonists (drugs)

A

decrease/block activity of a neurotransmitter

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74
Q

competitive –> direct (drugs)

A

directly compete with neurotransmitters for parking spot

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75
Q

non-competitive –> indirect (drugs)

A

will not compete for same parking spot, will find another spot to attach to

enhances, reduces, or blocks activity of neurotransmitter

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76
Q

brainstem

A

connects brain to spinal cord
–> started where spinal cord ends

LIFE CENTER –> contains structures that control vital functions essential for survival (medulla, pons, RAS)

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77
Q

how is the brainstem a crossover point

A

info coming from LEFT will cross to RIGHT and vice versa

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78
Q

pons functions

A

connect CNS to PNS

regulate basic functions we don’t consciously think about

regulate arousal, coordinate senses, control facial expressions

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79
Q

what is RAS

A

network of neurons

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80
Q

where is RAS located

A

center of medulla and pons

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81
Q

RAS functions

A

bridges functions of body and brain via connections to spinal cord and thalamus

regulate levels of arousal and focus

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82
Q

to what disorder is RAS linked to

A

ADHD

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83
Q

cerebellum

A

controls voluntary movement, balance and muscle tone
–> involved in motor movements that become automatic

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84
Q

what amount of the brain does the cerebellum take up

A

1/10

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85
Q

what is the cerebellum linked to

A

learning, memory, creativity, reasoning, language

autism

getting “drunk”

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86
Q

thalamus

A

relay station –> all senses except smell send info to thalamus which then releases it to other areas of the brain

filters information and highlights what is important

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87
Q

what is the thalamus linked to

A

goosebumps

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88
Q

limbic system

A

contains hippocampus and amygdala

linked to emotion, memory, learning, motivation

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89
Q

hippocampus

A

involved in the formation of new memories and maintenance of cognitive maps

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90
Q

what is the hippocampus vulnerable to

A

chronic stress

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91
Q

what part of the brain does alzheimer’s affect first

A

hippocampus

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92
Q

amygdala

A

associated with aggression and the experience of emotions, especially fear

also associated with perception of emotions and emotional memories

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93
Q

main function of amygdala

A

detect threats in our environment and sound the alarn

94
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the brain
–> makes us highly adaptable

95
Q

how much of the cortex can we see

A

1/3

96
Q

2 hemispheres of the cortex

A

right hemisphere: controls right side of body

left hemisphere: controls left side of body

97
Q

corpus callusom

A

bundle of nerve fibers
–> 2 hemispheres use to communicate with each other

98
Q

4 lobes of each hemisphere

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

99
Q

2 areas of each lobe on each hemisphere

A

primary, association

100
Q

primary areas of each lobe

A

linked with processing of motory/sensory info

101
Q

association areas of each lobe

A

linked with higher and more complex mental functioning

102
Q

endocrine system

A

major communication system that consists of all glands in the body

103
Q

3 types of hormones

A

homeostasis, reproductive, stress

104
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland of the endocrine system, boss of almost all glands of system

105
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary gland

106
Q

how does the NS affect the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

107
Q

how does the ED influence the Ns

A

brain

108
Q

transduction

A

brain only understands electrochemical messages, so physical energy must be translated into a message the brain can understand

109
Q

transmission

A

message must be transmitted to brain for processingse

110
Q

sensory receptors

A

respond to physical energy/stimulation from natural world

the ones that detect, transduce, and transmit

111
Q

bottom-up processing

A

collect raw data from world and sent it to brain

112
Q

top-down processing

A

brain uses excisting knowledge, memories, beliefs, in order to interpret information

113
Q

prosopagnosia

A

when the eyes work, but no perception

114
Q

psychophysics

A

scientific study of how physical characteristics of the physical world trsnlate into psychological experiences

115
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimal amt of energy that must be there for us to detect it 50% of the time

116
Q

difference theshold (JND)

A

minimum amount of change in stimulation for us to detect it 50% of the times

117
Q

weber’s law

A

ability to notive the difference between 2 stimuli is proportional to the intensity or size of the stimulus

118
Q

signal detection theory

A

ability to detect a stimulation doesn’t depends only on how the stimulation is –> large number of factors

ex. how healthy we are, fatigue, motivation, mood

119
Q

perception

A

brain taking raw sensory data and interpreting it in a meaningful way

120
Q

what do you need to see

A

light

121
Q

light is a form of ???

A

electromagnetic radiation

122
Q

what is the range of visible light

A

400-700nm

123
Q

what colour are long waves

A

red

124
Q

amplitude

A

height of wavelength

125
Q

rods and cones (retina)

A

sensory receptors for vision, connected to bipolar cells

126
Q

bipolar cells

A

connected to ganglion cells

127
Q

ganglion cells

A

axons bunch up together to form the optic nerve

128
Q

optic nerve

A

carry visual information to brain

129
Q

blind psot

A

where optic nerve leaves the eye

–> no rods/cones in that area so nothing to detect light

130
Q

fovea

A

center of retina, responsible for visual activity

allows us to see fine detail

131
Q

where are rods found

A

in the periphery

132
Q

where are cones found

A

heavily concentrated in fovea

133
Q

what is the connction for cones - bipolar cells

A

1-1

** multiple rods for one bipolar

134
Q

cone function (retina)

A

needs lots of light to activate
allows us to see colour

135
Q

rods function (retina)

A

activated by little light, used when dark

involved in peripheral vision

136
Q

simple cell vs. complex cell

A

cimple cell: respond to small stationary bars of light oriented at specific angles

complex cell: respond to lines of particular orientation moving in specific directions

137
Q

parietal lobe

A

WHERE pathway

dorsal stream, lets us know where an object is in space, whether it is moving or not

138
Q

temporal lobe

A

WHAT pathway

ventral stream

139
Q

limbic system

A

responsible for emotional reactions

140
Q

trichromatic theory

A

3 primary light colours, combining them allows us to see more colours

141
Q

compl. afterimages

A

continue to perceive an objecte ven though we aren’t looking at it anymore

142
Q

4 RGBY

A

4 primary light colours –> red, green, blue, yellow

3 antagonistic colour system

143
Q

2 antagonistic colour system

A

red and green RG

blue and yellow BY

black and white BW

144
Q

RG

A

mneurons respond to RG light, but respond in opposite ways

–> red excites neuron, green inhibits

145
Q

principle of figure-ground

A

certain information is given priority over the background

146
Q

principle of proximity

A

objects close to one another will be grouped together

147
Q

principle of similarity

A

objects physically cimilar will be grouped together

148
Q

principle of closure

A

tend to perceive whole objects, even when part of that information is missing

149
Q

principle of good continutation

A

if lines cross each other/are interrupted, people tend to still see continuously flowing lines

150
Q

principle of common fate

A

objects moving together will be grouped together

151
Q

depth perception

A

brain uses bottom-up and top-down processing to understand

152
Q

2 kinds of depth cues

A
  • monocular (1 eye)
  • binocular (2 eyes)
153
Q

3 characteristics of sound waves

A

frequency(Hz), –> pitch amplitude(Db) –> loudness, complexity –> timbre (what makes a sound unique)

154
Q

pinna

A

captures and funnels sound waves into auditory canal

155
Q

auditory canal

A

soundwaves travel until it reaches the eardrum

156
Q

ossicles (eardrum)

A

tiniest bone in body, vibration cauyses oval window to vibrate

157
Q

oval window (eardrum)

A

membrane in ear

158
Q

cochlea(eardrum)

A

fluid inside cochlea, vibration from oval window causes fluid in cochlea to move in waves

159
Q

basilar membrane (eardrum)

A

waves of cochlear fluid cause basilar membrane to vibrate

160
Q

cilia (hair cells) (eardrum)

A

vibration of basilar membrane causes cilia to sway and bend
–> they fire

sensory receptors of the ear

161
Q

auditory nerve(eardrum)

A

hair cells detect, transduce, transmit information from brain via auditory nerve

carries info to brain

162
Q

thalamus MGN

A

info goes from auditory nerv to here

163
Q

auditory cortex (temporal lobes)

A

stops here after going to thalamus MGN

164
Q

tonotopic organization

A

auditory systems maintains this from basilar membrane to auditory cortex

165
Q

simple sounds are processed in ???

A

lower regions

166
Q

why do some neurons that process auditory info have faster action potential and larger terminal buttons

A

timing is critical to understand

167
Q

place theory

A

sound waves of difference frequencies will activate different areas of the basilar membrane

168
Q

HF wound waves

A

activate hair cells located at BEGINNING of membrane

169
Q

LF sound waves

A

activate hair cells located at the END of the basilar membrane

170
Q

frequency theory

A

soundwave of different frequencies will affect rate of firing

171
Q

2 binural cues

A

time of arrival, loudness

172
Q

cutaneous senses

A

sense more than just touch

173
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

responsible for the sense of touch

174
Q

what are the merkel and meissner receptors for

A

pressure

175
Q

nociceptors

A

sensory receptors that detect, transduce, and transmit info about pain

176
Q

neurological gate

A

state of gate is linked ans associated whether we experience pain or not

177
Q

small nerve fibers (S-fibers)

A

mostly carry pain info –> gate is opened, likely to feel pain

178
Q

large nerve fibers (L-fibers)

A

mostly carry info NOT related to pain –> gate is closed, likely to feel little pain

179
Q

T-cells

A

middle men between fibers and gate

–> must be activated for gate to open

180
Q

olfactory receptors (smell)

A

scent must reach our nasal cavities and olfactory receptors for us to smell

181
Q

olfactory epithelium(smell)

A

membrane filled with mucus

182
Q

glomeruli (smell)

A

located in olfactory bulb, sends info to different parts of the brain, including limbic system

183
Q

regeneration of olfactory cells

A

cells regenerate every few weeks, but lose numbers as we age

184
Q

filiform papillae (tongue)

A

entire surface of tongue, doesn’t have taste buds

185
Q

fungiform papillae (tongue)

A

tips and sides of tongue

186
Q

foliate papillae

A

back of tongue

187
Q

circumvallate

A

back of tongue

188
Q

4 basic senses

A

SSSB: sweet, sour, salty, bitter

189
Q

umami

A

japanese 5th sense linked with savory foods

190
Q

bimodal neurons

A

neurons that respond to more than one sense

191
Q

kinesthesis

A

allows us to know where are body is

sensory receptors: proprioceptors

192
Q

vestibular sense

A

balance

193
Q

2 organs linked with sense of balance

A
  • semicircular canals: sense rotation of head
  • vestibular sacs: respond to cues of balance and posture
194
Q

gustatory cells

A

sensory receptors for taste found in taste buds

195
Q

papillae

A

bumps on tongue

196
Q

experimental group vs control group

A

experimental: expose to IV

control: not exposed to IV

197
Q

confounding variable

A

a factor that COULD affect the variable we are studying

198
Q

placebo

A

substance that is inert, does not have any therapeutic value whatsoever

we feel better based on belief and belief only

199
Q

representative sample

A

must closely represent the population of interest

chosen by random sampling

200
Q

random sampling

A

every single person in the population of interest has an equal chance to be included in the sample, chosen by chance and only chance

201
Q

stratified random sample

A

take population of interest and divide it into different groups we’re interested in (STRATA)

202
Q

simple random sample

A

extract sample from population of interest using random sampling

203
Q

acquiescence bias

A

tendency for subject to agree with whatever the researcher is asking

204
Q

volunteer bias

A

volunteers may not be a representative of the population of interest

205
Q

illusory superiority

A

tendency for people to perceive themselves as better than average

206
Q

naturalistic observation

A

researchers do their research in the real world, can only observe

207
Q

2 divisions of the PNS

A

somatic, autonomic

208
Q

somatic NS

A

sensory and motor functions

209
Q

autonomic NS

A

controls glands, organs, muscles

210
Q

descriptive research

A

allows us to systematically and objectively observe and describe what we observe

does not answer WHY –> cannot draw conclusions about cause and effect relationships

211
Q

advantages of a case study

A

keep a record of very rare cases that could be lost otherwise

most in-depth research you can do

1st step when researching something you know nothing about

212
Q

disadvantages of a case study

A
  • researcher bias
  • cannot draw general conclusions
  • cannot generalize findings to general public
  • single person being studied may be atypical
213
Q

survey

A

can be part of descriptive and correlative research

results of a survey must be representative of population of interest or it has no scientific value

214
Q

response bias

A

number of factos that could lead subjects to answer inaccurately

ex.
- acquiescence bias
- social desriability bias
- volunteer bias
- illusory superiority

215
Q

acquiescence bias

A

tendency for subject to agree with whatever the researched is asking

216
Q

social desirability bias

A

subjects do not give an honest answer because they want to be perceived in a positive light

217
Q

volunteer bias

A

volunteers may not be representative of the population of interest

218
Q

illusory superiority (self-serving bias)

A

tendency for most people to perceive themselves as better than average

219
Q

correlational research

A

purpose is to observem describe, and make predictions

help us determine if there is a systematic and reliable relationship between 2+ variables

220
Q

positive correlation

A

variables change in the same direction

221
Q

negative correlation

A

variables change in opposite directions

222
Q

3 major questions of correlational research

A

1) do they covary (have a relationship)
2)in what direction?
3) how strong is the relationship?

223
Q

correlational research coefficient (r)

A

value varies from -1 to +1
- minus is negative correlation
- plus is positive correlation
- 0 is no relationship at all

224
Q

disadvantages of correlational research

A

we cannot infer causality

225
Q

experimental research

A

the only was to define a cause-and-effect relationship

BC the researchers manipulate the independent vairable

226
Q

field experiment

A

experiment in the real world

227
Q

random assignment

A

every subject in the study has equal chance of being the experimental or control group

228
Q

descriptive statistics

A

collection of ways to desribe data in the simplest way possible

QUANTITATIVE VALUES

229
Q

central tendency

A

the score that best represents the others

3 kinds:
- mean (most commonly used)
- median
- mode

230
Q

what is the disadvantage of using mean (average)

A

heavily influenced by extreme numbers

PSY1101 (4 decks)

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