Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY1101 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of our environment/selves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dual processing

A

brains process info at 2 levels

serial processing (consciousness can only process 1 step at a time
unconscious processes super fast

parallel processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

blindsight

A

consciously, we are blind

unconsciously, we still have some vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

subliminal stimulation

A

we’re exposed to a stimulus and the exposure is super fast
–> info gets to brain but never reaches consciousness

cannot see object consciously but can still influence behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

serial processing

A

consciousness can only process one step at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

parallel processing

A

processes multiple pirces of info simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

subconscious processing (priming)

A

we are exposed to a stimulus and are aware of it, HOWEVER we don’t know that the stimulus is unconsciously activating in our brain memories and the information linked to it
–> can affect behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does consciousness come from

A

the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

attention

A

allow us to focus our awareness on a tiny point of stimulation around us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

value (attention)

A

ability to pay attention to valuable & essential things for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(t/f) attention is an unlimited resourse

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is attention selective

A

YES. focusing attention on a certain stimuli causes us to disregard other stimuli in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

inhibition (attention)

A

paying attention to a specific stimuli causes the brain to inhibit us from processing other info
–> sharpens attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cocktail party effect

A

at a party –> very loud and noisy but can focus attention on an interesting convo

in spite of this, if someone said our name we’re likely to pick it up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

dichotic listening

A

used to study selective attention

2 diff msgs in each ear at the same time –> patients asked to pay attention to one ear only

we still pick up info from he other ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Corteen and Wood Experiment (1972)

A

experiment to examine DEGREE we use dichotic listening

conditioned to associate city names with an electric shock
–> city names were played in unattended ear
–> used GSR (galvanic skin response) measurements ( measures arousal in sympathic nervous system)
–> 38% response rate for recognized city names, 10% for unrelated words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

passive (attention attraction)

A

bottom-up process

stimuli in environment grabs our attention bc there is something that stands out about it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

active (attention attraction)

A

top-down

we intentionally chose what we are going to pay attention to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

inattentional blindness

A

we’re going to fail to detect a significant stimulus in our environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

change blindness

A

we’re engaged with a stimulus but don’t notice the change in the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

intentional change detection

A

we’re told that the stimulus is going to change, but we still have a hard time detecting the change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

divided attention (multitasking)

A

consciousness can’t multitask, we tend to slow down and make errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

visual neglect

A

attention disorder

part of the world becomes non existent for us

can happen in the right or left hemisphere depending on what’s dmged
ex. u only shave one side of ur face –> u can see the other side but ur not aware of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

fatal familial insonmia

A

rare hereditary disease that affects THALAMUS

can die from lack of sleep 12-18 months after symptoms start

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

electroencephalograms (EEGs)

A

measure activity across surface of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

electrooculograms

A

used to measure movements of eyes in sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

electromyograms

A

used to measure tension and muscles of jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2 observable patterns when awake

A

relaxed wakefulness, awake and alert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

alpha waves

A

8-12 Hz

more regular and predictable than beta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

relaxed wakefulness

A

alpha waves

when person is quietly resting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

beta waves

A

13-30 Hz

desynchronized and erratic waves –> many neural circuits processing information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

stages of non-REM sleep

A

STAGE 1, STAGE 2, slow wave sleep (SWS_

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

STAGE 1 (non-REM sleep)

A

theta waves

transition from relaxed state –> early sleep (very light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

theta waves

A

3.5-7.5Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

awake and alert (stages of sleep)

A

beta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

STAGE 2 (non-REM sleep)

A

sleep spindles, K complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

sleep spindles

A

(12-14Hz)
occur around 2-5 times/min

thought to play a role in memory consolidation

higher sleep spindles associated with higher IQ test scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

K complex

A

bursts of energy on EEGs

occur around once/min

can be triggered by unexpected noises, still wouldn’t have a sense of sleep when woken

prepares brain to enter SWS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

slow wave sleep (SWS)

A

delta waves

15-20 min after STAGE 2 starts

deepest stage of sleep, only a strong stimulus will wake u

groggy, confused when woken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

delta waves

A

less than 4Hz

regular, high-amplitude waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

REM sleep (rapid eye movement)

A

theta waves, beta waves

45 min after SWS starts

brain is very active with vivid dreams, but easier to wake than SWS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

REM sleep antonia

A

generally become paralyzed during REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what happens to blood flow to brain during REM sleep

A

blood flow reduced, but visual association cortex and prefrontal cortex receive a large proportion of oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

function of SWS

A

important for resting brain over body
important for explicit memories
regions with highest activity during waking hours is resting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

function of REM

A

benefits brain’s ability to absorb and process information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

rebound phenomenon (REM)

A

there is a need for a certain amount of REM sleep
–> if brain is deprived from REM for a couple days, brain tries to enter REM more quickly and for a longer period of time

increased % of time spent in REM in infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

insomnia

A

inability to fall asleep/inability to remain asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

sleep hygeine

A

habits and behaviours conducive to sleeping well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

conditioned insomnia

A

learned insomnia
–> going to bed becomes associated with inability to fall asleep

among the most commonly diagnosed forms of primary insomnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

idiopathic insomnia

A

child onset insomnia

neurophysiological abnormality in the CNS

begins in childhood, more resistant to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

hypersomnia

A

excessive sleepiness, caused by poor sleep during the night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

sleep apnea

A

intake of oxygen is reduced as person sleeps
–> brain sends signal to body as blood oxygen decreases –> sleeper wakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

treatment for sleep apnea

A

CPAP: pressurized air mask htat pushes pressurized air through airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

narcolepsy

A

rare genetic neurodegenerative disorder that has several symptoms:
- sudden and extreme need to sleep
- cataplectic attacks
- paralysis with hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

cataplexy/cataplectic attacks (narcolepsy)

A

paralysis experience during REM initiates and inappropriate times

initiated by emotionally engaging events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

kinds of hallucinations (narcolepsy_

A

hypnagogic: upon onset of sleep
hypnopompic: just before waking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

circadian rhythym

A

daily clocks, closer to 25 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

zeitgebers

A

time givers/cues
–> our clock is reset every morning by cues associated with morning activity

reliable stimuli in the environment tht provide information about the time of day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what resets our daily clock

A

presence/absence of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN):

A

your body’s timekeeper

sends signals to several regions of the brain → ex. pineal gland
pineal gland secretes melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that influence/affect function of brain/NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

where do drugs produce their effects

A

synapse
–> interfere with communication between neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

dopamine

A

pleasure molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what do most street drugs agonize

A

dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

tolerance (drugs)

A

can develop a tolerance if we abuse a drug
–> need to consume more and more to get the desired effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

neuroadaptation

A

when we use drugs, our brains adapt to that by changing themselves (plasticity)

brain may stop production of certain NT or shut down receptors for certain NT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

withdrawal

A

happens when you stop abusing a drug
–> can get uncomfortable and painful symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

drug dependence

A

physical: need drug to function normally

psychological: feel like we can’t live without it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

2 major types of drugs

A
  • depressants
  • stimulants
  • hallucinogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

depressants

A

reduce, slow down activity of the NS/brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

alcohol

A

depressent at all dosages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what area of the brain is affected by alcohol

A

hippocampus
–> part of brain that deals with memories
–> memories of a drunk night are hazy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

barbiturates (depressants)

A
  • more addictive
  • more powerful
  • known as downers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

benzodiazepines (depressants)

A
  • highly addictive
  • known as tranquilizers
  • eg. xanax - valium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

stimulants (drugs)

A

psychoactive drugs that speed up/increase activity of NS/brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

(t/f) depressants have a lethal aditive effect

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

nicotine

A

damages ur DNA

1 cigarette = lose 11/12 min of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

why cant u stop smoking

A

nicotine is highly addictive –> enhances the activity of multiple NTs:
- acetylcholine
- norepinephrine
- dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

nicotine’s dual effect

A
  • sluggish –> smoke –> perk up
  • anxious –> smoke –> calm down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

effects of long-term use of nicotine on acetylcholine

A

reduces levels of acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

cocaine

A

stimulant that blocks reuptake of some NTS –> enhances:
- dopamine
- norpinephrine
- serotonin

can end up with chronic permanent depression that requires meds`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

formication

A

feeling as if we have bugs/insects crawling in skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

stereotypic behaviours (cocaine)

A

non sensical behaviours that we repeat while under the influence of cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

amphetamines

A

stimulant

combats effects of hunger and fatigue

agonizes dopamin
–> inhibits reuptake of dopamine and stimulates release of it from terminal buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

hallucinogens

A

directly influence sensory systems and interpretation of reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

psychedelics

A

have most profound effects on consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

LSD

A

man-made

areas of the brain that usually talk to each other communicate more/stop talking to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

which part of the brain does LSD affect

A

thalamus
–> explains why LSD users experience fusing of senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

marijuana

A

attaches to cannabinoid receptors found all over brain

active ingredient: THC

increases dopamine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what NTs are inhibited by marijuana

A

norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

whats more likely to lead to addiction: inhaled drug, digested drug

A

INHALED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

classical conditioning

A

we learn to associate 2 events/stimuli
–> learn that one event signals arrival of another

stimulus triggers response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

respondant behaviour

A

response that occurs in the presence of a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

operant conditioning

A

learn to associate a behaviour with its consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

operant behaviour

A

organism initiates the behaviour and it produces consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

fundamental principle (OC)

A

behaviour is controlled by its consequences
–> desired consequence –> likely to repeat it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

law of effect (OC)

A

when a behaviour produces an undesirable/desirable consequence, we are more likely to repeat it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

thorndike

A

stipulated the law of effect and started research on operant conditioning
–> instrumental conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

skinner

A

linked and associated with operant conditioning

strict behaviourist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

ABCs (OC)

A

A = antecedent
B = behaviour
C = consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

differential vs non-differential consequences

A

Differential: receiving different consequences
–> leads to FASTER LEARNING

Non-differential: receiving the same consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

reinforcer

A

consequence of a behaviour that makes the behaviour more likely to repeat in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

2 types of reinforcers

A

positive, negative

105
Q

positive reinforcer

A

produces a consequence where we receive something pleasant

106
Q

negative reinforcer

A

increases possibility that behaviour will occur again

107
Q

2 forms of negative reinforcers

A

escape, avoidance

108
Q

primary reinforcers

A

reinforcers that are naturally reinforcing
–> no learning required

109
Q

conditioned reinforcers (secondary reinforcers)

A

learning is required –> not naturally reinforcing –> learn through experience

110
Q

generalized conditioned reinforcers

A

objects traded for several other reinforcers
–> don’t lose their power to reinforce behaviour

111
Q

immediate reinforcers

A

we do the behaviour and immediately or shortly after are reinforced

112
Q

delayed reinforcers

A

do the behaviour but wait for the reinforcement

113
Q

2 types of scheduling consequences

A

continuous, intermittent

114
Q

continuous scheduled consequence

A

Every single time the behaviour takes place, it is reinforced; without exception

good for teaching a new behaviour

HOWEVER when the behaviour is learned, it is important to move to intermittent because it helps to maintain the behaviour longer

115
Q

intermittent scheduleing consequence

A

more resistant to exctinction

sometimes the behaviour is reinforced, sometimes is not

makes behaviour more likely to be maintained for a longer period

PARTIAL EXTINCTION EFFECT

116
Q

categories of partial extinction effect

A

ratio: number of responses that determine when behaviour is going to be reinforced

interval: passage of time that will determine when a behaviour is going to be reinforced

117
Q

2 types of ratio (partial extinction)

A

ficed ratio: very specific # of behaviours must occur before reinforcement happens

variable ratio” # of responses that must occur will vary/change
–> PRODUCES THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF RESPONSES

118
Q

2 types of intervals (partial extinction)

A

fixed interval: very specific amt of time must go by for the desired behaviour to take place

variable interval: amt of time that must go by before reinforcing behaviour varies
–> produes THIRD LOWEST rate

119
Q

break-and-run pattern of responding

A

FIXED RATIO schedule

run: when we produce many responses quickly until we earn a reqrd

break: occurs after delivery of reinforcer

120
Q

2 types of punishment

A

positive punishment: as a consequence, something unpleasant is added

negative punishment: as a consequence, something we desire is taken away

121
Q

what did skinner advocate for? why?

A

positive reinforcement bc it has a longer-lasting effect on behaviour

122
Q

What would reduce/stop an undesired behaviour faster: extinction or punishment?

A

PUNISHMENT

123
Q

why shouldn’t u use punishment

A
  1. Doesn’t teach a person what to do to get reinforcers
  2. Involves aversive stimuli, including some that cause pain
  3. A person who uses punishment successfully once is more likely to use it again
  4. person learns to use punishment to control others’ behaviour
  5. only decreases behaviour if the response is punished a) immediately, b) every time, c) with a large aversive stimulus
124
Q

operant extinction

A

stop reinforcing behaviour of interest
–> must identify where is the reinforcer of the behaviour

125
Q

extinction burst

A

during extinction procedure, this may occur
–> situation will get worse before it gets better

126
Q

what happens when exinction alone is used to stop self-injurious behaviours

A

target behaviour increased before it stopped

127
Q

tolman

A

father of cognitive psychology
–> criticized skinner’s ideas, which started the ball rolling
–> said sometimes learning can take place without reinforcement

128
Q

behaviourism

A

dominated psychology for almost 50 years. study of the mind, conscious, etc. that flourishes the study of psychology

129
Q

latent learning

A

we acquire knowledge without any reinforcement
–> knowledge remains hidden until we have a reason to display it

130
Q

cognitive map

A

mental map u have in ur mind
–> skinner said when rats learn to run a maze, they learn via trial and error
–> tolman dais they are learning the layout of the map

131
Q

learned helplessness

A

can experience this when repeatedly exposed to stimulus that is aversive and uncontrollable

we give up and stop trying completely

132
Q

bandura

A

learning by observation –> vicarious learning –> social learning

133
Q

social learning

A

we observe the social world around us
–> what is rewarded/punished and adjust our behaviours accordingly

134
Q

mirror meurons

A

highly specialized neurons in diff parts of the brain are linked to empathy/learning
–> activate when we watch someone or us ourselves perform a behaviour

135
Q

bandura’s model of cognitive processes

A

strongly believed cognitive process is essential for learning

in order to imitate behaviour 4 things must be present:
1. attention
2. memory
3. action/motor skills
4. motivation

136
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent change in how we think, feel and behave as a result of experience

137
Q

3 major ways we learn

A

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

observational learning

138
Q

conditioning

A

we learn to form associations

139
Q

pavlov

A

classical conditioning, dog and bell

140
Q

higher order conditioning

A

We trained the dog to salivate at the sound of the bell, and dog does very well.

141
Q

factors associated with classical conditioning

A
  • frequency
  • timing
  • order of presentation
142
Q

stimulus generalization

A

Ex. ONE dog bites you, and you become afraid of ALL dogs

143
Q

stimulus disctimination

A

One dog bites you, and you’re ONLY afraid of that dog; you’re NOT afraid of other dogs.

144
Q

pavlov vs. modern researchers

A

modern researchers say u MUST take cognitive processes into consideration

145
Q

introspection

A

subjects will observe their own mental processes and observe them

146
Q

watson

A

believed psychology should only study observable behaviours

147
Q

CT scan

A

Computerized Tomography

Uses x-rays that pas through body, can generate images of “slices” of the body

ex. detect changes in structure to to disease

148
Q

pros/cons of CT scan

A

pro:
- Fast, cheap, non-invasive

con:
- radiation exposure
- only less us see the structures of the brain, not the brain in action

149
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Uses magnetic fields to image alignments of H+ ions (diff tissues have diff amts of water
ex. can detect changes in structure due to disease

150
Q

pros/cons of MRI

A

pro:
- noninvasive, great precision, no radiation

con:
- very expensive
- cannot have biomedical devices or metal in patients
- just gives an image of the brain, not the brain in action

151
Q

fMRI

A

functional MRI

uses magnetic fields to image alignments of H+ ions. exposed to magnetic field –> tracks oxygenated blood

More active parts of brain will consume more oxygenated blood

ex. can measure activation during task/stimulation

152
Q

DTI

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

tracks and images water movement alone neural pathways, can measure density of neural tracts (bundles of axons). Tracks nerves of the brain and the connections between different areas

ex. study white matter degeneration in disease

153
Q

pros/cons of DTI

A

pro:
- noninvasive
- no radiation
- no injections

con:
- interpretation can be difficult in tracts with diff kinds of fibers

154
Q

pros/cons of fMRI

A

pro:
- noninvasive
- no radiation
- no injections

con:
- cardiovascular disease/compromise function can make measurements unreliable –> elay between stimulus/output
- shows the brain in action

155
Q

PET/SPECT

A

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Uses ingested radioactive compound to track molecular changes, person is injected with radioactive substance

ex. visualize the activity of specific neurotransmitters

156
Q

What substance are patients usually injected with for a PET scan?

A

Glucose

157
Q

Pros/cons of PET/SPECT

A

pro:
- can see molecular changes in real time
- determine which part of brain is more active
- can see brain in action

con:
- radiation exposure

158
Q

endocrine system

A

major communication system that consists of all glands in the body

159
Q

3 types of hormones

A

homeostasis, reproductive, stress

160
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland of the endocrine system, boss of almost all glands of system

161
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary gland

162
Q

how does the NS affect the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

163
Q

transduction

A

brain only understands electrochemical messages, so physical energy must be translated into a message the brain can understand

164
Q

transmission

A

message must be transmitted to brain for processing

165
Q

sensory receptors

A

respond to physical energy/stimulation from natural world

the ones that detect, transduce, and transmit

166
Q

bottom-up processing

A

collect raw data from world and sent it to brain

167
Q

top-down processing

A

brain uses excisting knowledge, memories, beliefs, in order to interpret information

168
Q

prosopagnosia

A

when the eyes work, but no perception

169
Q

psychophysics

A

scientific study of how physical characteristics of the physical world trsnlate into psychological experiences

170
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimal amt of energy that must be there for us to detect it 50% of the time

171
Q

difference threshold (JND)

A

minimum amount of change in stimulation for us to detect it 50% of the times

172
Q

weber’s law

A

ability to notice the difference between 2 stimuli is proportional to the intensity or size of the stimulus

173
Q

signal detection theory

A

ability to detect a stimulation doesn’t depends only on how the stimulation is –> large number of factors

ex. how healthy we are, fatigue, motivation, mood

174
Q

perception

A

brain taking raw sensory data and interpreting it in a meaningful way

175
Q

what do you need to see

A

light

176
Q

light is a form of ???

A

electromagnetic radiation

177
Q

what is the range of visible light

A

400-700nm

178
Q

what colour are long waves

A

red

179
Q

amplitude

A

height of wavelength

180
Q

rods and cones (retina)

A

sensory receptors for vision, connected to bipolar cells

181
Q

bipolar cells

A

connected to ganglion cells

182
Q

ganglion cells

A

axons bunch up together to form the optic nerve

183
Q

optic nerve

A

carry visual information to brain

184
Q

blind psot

A

where optic nerve leaves the eye

–> no rods/cones in that area so nothing to detect light

185
Q

fovea

A

center of retina, responsible for visual activity

allows us to see fine detail

186
Q

where are rods found

A

in the periphery

187
Q

where are cones found

A

heavily concentrated in fovea

188
Q

what is the connction for cones - bipolar cells

A

1-1

** multiple rods for one bipolar

189
Q

cone function (retina)

A

needs lots of light to activate
allows us to see colour

190
Q

rods function (retina)

A

activated by little light, used when dark

involved in peripheral vision

191
Q

simple cell vs. complex cell

A

simple cell: respond to small stationary bars of light oriented at specific angles

complex cell: respond to lines of particular orientation moving in specific directions

192
Q

parietal lobe

A

WHERE pathway

dorsal stream, lets us know where an object is in space, whether it is moving or not

193
Q

temporal lobe

A

WHAT pathway

ventral stream

194
Q

limbic system

A

responsible for emotional reactions

195
Q

trichromatic theory

A

3 primary light colours, combining them allows us to see more colours

196
Q

compl. afterimages

A

continue to perceive an objecte ven though we aren’t looking at it anymore

197
Q

4 RGBY

A

4 primary light colours –> red, green, blue, yellow

3 antagonistic colour system

198
Q

3 antagonistic colour system

A

red and green RG

blue and yellow BY

black and white BW

199
Q

RG

A

neurons respond to RG light, but respond in opposite ways

–> red excites neuron, green inhibits

200
Q

principle of figure-ground

A

certain information is given priority over the background

201
Q

principle of proximity

A

objects close to one another will be grouped together

202
Q

principle of similarity

A

objects physically similar will be grouped together

203
Q

principle of closure

A

tend to perceive whole objects, even when part of that information is missing

204
Q

principle of good continutation

A

if lines cross each other/are interrupted, people tend to still see continuously flowing lines

205
Q

principle of common fate

A

objects moving together will be grouped together

206
Q

depth perception

A

brain uses bottom-up and top-down processing to understand

207
Q

2 kinds of depth cues

A
  • monocular (1 eye)
  • binocular (2 eyes)
208
Q

3 characteristics of sound waves

A

frequency(Hz), –> pitch amplitude(Db) –> loudness, complexity –> timbre (what makes a sound unique)

209
Q

pinna

A

captures and funnels sound waves into auditory canal

210
Q

auditory canal

A

soundwaves travel until it reaches the eardrum

211
Q

ossicles (eardrum)

A

tiniest bone in body, vibration cauyses oval window to vibrate

212
Q

oval window (eardrum)

A

membrane in ear

213
Q

cochlea(eardrum)

A

fluid inside cochlea, vibration from oval window causes fluid in cochlea to move in waves

214
Q

basilar membrane (eardrum)

A

waves of cochlear fluid cause basilar membrane to vibrate

215
Q

cilia (hair cells) (eardrum)

A

vibration of basilar membrane causes cilia to sway and bend
–> they fire

sensory receptors of the ear

216
Q

auditory nerve(eardrum)

A

hair cells detect, transduce, transmit information from brain via auditory nerve

carries info to brain

217
Q

thalamus MGN

A

info goes from auditory nerv to here

218
Q

auditory cortex (temporal lobes)

A

stops here after going to thalamus MGN

219
Q

tonotopic organization

A

auditory systems maintains this from basilar membrane to auditory cortex

220
Q

simple sounds are processed in ???

A

lower regions

221
Q

why do some neurons that process auditory info have faster action potential and larger terminal buttons

A

timing is critical to understand

222
Q

place theory

A

sound waves of difference frequencies will activate different areas of the basilar membrane

223
Q

high-frequency sound waves

A

activate hair cells located at BEGINNING of membrane

224
Q

LF sound waves

A

activate hair cells located at the END of the basilar membrane

225
Q

frequency theory

A

soundwave of different frequencies will affect rate of firing

226
Q

2 binural cues

A

time of arrival, loudness

227
Q

cutaneous senses

A

sense more than just touch (wetness of our skin, a cut)

228
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

top layer:
- merkel receptor (pressure)
- meissner receptor (pressure)

deeper layers
- ruffini cylinder (stretching of skin)
- pacinian corpuscle (vibration, texture)

229
Q

what are the merkel and meissner receptors for

A

pressure

230
Q

nociceptors

A

sensory receptors that detect, transduce, and transmit info about pain

231
Q

neurological gate

A

state of gate is linked ans associated whether we experience pain or not

232
Q

small nerve fibers (S-fibers)

A

mostly carry pain info –> gate is opened, likely to feel pain

233
Q

large nerve fibers (L-fibers)

A

mostly carry info NOT related to pain –> gate is closed, likely to feel little pain

234
Q

T-cells

A

middle men between fibers and gate

–> must be activated for gate to open

Small nerve fibers activate, which activate t-cells, when then open the gate, and we are likely to feel pain.

When large nerve fibers are activated, t-cells are inhibited, the gate doesn’t open, and we are likely to feel little to no pain as a result.

235
Q

olfactory receptors (smell)

A

scent must reach our nasal cavities and olfactory receptors for us to smell

236
Q

olfactory epithelium(smell)

A

membrane filled with mucus

237
Q

glomeruli (smell)

A

located in olfactory bulb, sends info to different parts of the brain, including limbic system

238
Q

regeneration of olfactory cells

A

cells regenerate every few weeks, but lose numbers as we age

239
Q

filiform papillae (tongue)

A

entire surface of tongue, doesn’t have taste buds

240
Q

fungiform papillae (tongue)

A

tips and sides of tongue

241
Q

foliate papillae

A

back of tongue

242
Q

circumvallate

A

back of tongue

243
Q

4 basic senses

A

SSSB: sweet, sour, salty, bitter

244
Q

umami

A

japanese 5th sense linked with savory foods

245
Q

bimodal neurons

A

neurons that respond to more than one sense

246
Q

kinesthesis

A

allows us to know where are body is

sensory receptors: proprioceptors

247
Q

vestibular sense

A

balance

248
Q

2 organs linked with sense of balance

A
  • semicircular canals: sense rotation of head
  • vestibular sacs: respond to cues of balance and posture
249
Q

gustatory cells

A

sensory receptors for taste found in taste buds

250
Q

papillae

A

bumps on tongue

251
Q

experimental group vs control group

A

experimental: expose to IV

control: not exposed to IV

252
Q

biological constraints of classical conditioning

A

you MUST take cognitive processes and take them into considerations. Animals are not stupid learners; they assess and evaluate the information.
If the information gives them protective power and it is reliable, they WILL learn it. If it doesn’t give them prodective power and it isn’t reliable, they WILL NOT learn it.

253
Q

biologically predisposed

A

we are biologically prepared to learn via observation

254
Q

(t/f) babies start to imitate facial expressions very early in life

A

T

255
Q

Tolman and Honzik’s experiment

A

hypothesis: Said there is no change in our performance until we receive a reward

FOOD GROUP rats: received food when they reached the end of the maze
Made fewer errors
NO FOOD GROUP: did not receive food for the first 10 days
11th day → received food
Made fewer errors and ran faster than previous days as well as the FOOD group
Suggested that they were actively constructing cognitive maps of the maze

256
Q

(t/f) learned helplessness can be specific and generalized

A

T

257
Q

split brain

A

we have a Rt visual field & a LVF
Info —> RVF —> LH
Info —> LVF —> RH
LH —> Language, Rt body
RH —> Left body

258
Q

gestalt principles of organization

A

we were born with specific, predisposed, ways of organizing information so that it has utility

259
Q

synonym for olfaction

A

smell

PSY1101 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions