Terms Flashcards
A series of interconnected of interfaced cracks caused by fatigue failure of the asphalt concrete surface under repeated traffic loading.
Alligator Cracking
The height between the trough and the crest of a wave.
Amplitude
A layer consisting of properly designed mix od coarse aggregate fine aggregate, a filler and a bituminous binder.
Asphatic Concrete
The average of the spot speeds of all vehicles passing a given point in the highway.
Average Speed
Highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their occupants and to reduce the risk of injuries to pedestrians and workers.
Barriers
The component of the road structure which receives the traffic load and transfer it to the subgrade.
Base
This normally consists of aggregates such as gravel and crushed rock.
Base courses
The max number of passenger cars that can pads a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possibly be attained.
Basic capacity
Process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and additives prior to mixing concrete.
Batching
The physical configuration of the seabed, the measurements of depths of water in the ocean, etc. and also information derived from such measurement.
Bathymetry
The physical configuration of the seabed, the measurements of depths of water in the ocean, etc. and also information derived from such measurement.
Bathymetry
The physical configuration of the seabed, the measurements of depths of water in the ocean, etc. and also information derived from such measurement.
Bathymetry
The physical configuration of the seabed, the measurements of depths of water in the ocean, etc. and also information derived from such measurement.
Bathymetry
The physical configuration of the seabed, the measurements of depths of water in the ocean, etc. and also information derived from such measurement.
Bathymetry
An instrument use to measure intensity of wind
Beuforts Scale
An instrument use to measure intensity of wind
Beuforts Scale
The mooring fitting for mooring ships during a storm installed close to the water line of the berth.
Bitt
A 20 mm thick premix bitumen layer over which is laid a seal coat.
Bitumen carpet
The exuding of bitumen onto the pavement surface causing a reduction in skid resistance.
Bleeding / Flushing
Cracks forming large interconnected polygons, usually with sharp corners or angles. These cracks are generally caused by hardening and shrinkage of the asphalt and/or reflection cracking from underlying layers such as cement treated base.
Block Cracking
Localized upward buckling and shattering of the slabs at traverse joins or cracks
Blowups
The structure that protects harbor from stormy waves and permits calm in the harbor.
Breakwater
Distance traveled by the vehicle after the application of the brakes until it will stop.
Braking Distance
Waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds the velocity of propagation of the wave itself. In deep water, this normally occurs when the wave length L is less than 7 times the wave height H (L < 7H) and in shallow water when the depth d is approximately equal to 1.25 H
Breaking Waves
Type of dolphins which are designed to take the impact of the ship when docking and to hold the ship against a broadside wind. Therefore, they are provided with fenders to absorbed the impact of the ship and to protect the dolphin and the ship from damage.
Breasting dolphins
- a vertical post to which the eye of a morring line can be attached
- the mooring fitting for mooring ships during a storm installed at the outside or outside/inside of the berth far from the waterline
Bollard
These consist of two curves in the same direction separated by a short tangent.
Broken Back Curve
A structure for retaining or to prevent earth or fill from sliding into water.
Bulkhead
The maximum sustained 15 min rate of flow, expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane, which can be accommodated by a uniform freeway segment under prevailing traffic and roadway conditions in one direction.
Capacity
The points at which the cut or fill slopes intersect the existing ground.
Catch Point
Markings that are often used to guide traffic into the right turning lanes separated by an island, such as corner island at a signalized intersection.
Chevron Markings
These are usually laid out in the field by occupying the tangent to curve point TC with a transit and then establishing successive points by turning deflection angles and measuring chords
Circular Curves
The pressure against a vertical wall due to waves.
Clapotis
This term refers to any material consisting of a mixture of aggregates, such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone, fastened together by cement.
Concrete
These result when two curves of differing radius join one another.
Compound Curve
Joints provided in concrete cement pavement is suspended
Construction joint
A type of rigid pavement, which has no transverse joints, except construction joints or expansion joints when they are necessary at specific positions such as at bridges. This type of pavement is typically used on high-volume, high-speed roadways
Continously reinforced concrete pavements
This is the cost of any material that has to be obtained off job site in order to make a fill.
Cost of borrow
This traffic conflict occurs when they cross paths directly
Crossing conflicts
These are normally specified in m/m or in percentages. In railway practice, cross slopes may be expressed in millimeters that the high rail is above the low rail, since there is a standard horizontal distance maintained between rails
Cross slope
The process of providing the required water and maintaining a favorable temperature for a period of time after placing concrete
Curing
The existing ground is above the construction section
Cut / Excavation
Primary consideration in the design of geometric cross sections for highways, runways, and taxi ways.
Drainage
Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wavelength is greater than 0.5
Deep water waves
Difference between the actual travel time and a given segment of a transportation system and some ideal travel time for that segment
Delay
Light retro reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway in series to indicate the roadway alignment
Delineator
It is defined as the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a thsection of roadway at a given instant time and is usually measured in vehicles per mile or per km.
Density
Defines as the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of highway govern.
Design Speed
Markings which are placed on sealed shoulders or other sealed portion of the road where traffic is not desired.
Diagonal markings
The spread of energy along a wave crest.
Diffraction
Defined as the fraction of time that vehicles are present at a point in space.
Distance gaps
The reciprocal of density which is usually measure in vehicles per mile or per kilometer.
Distance separation
Tide which occurs only one high tide a day.
Diurnal tides
The process by which a vehicle in a traffic stream leaves that traffic stream, such as a vehicle leaving the outside lane if an expressway.
Diverging
The process by which a vehicle in a traffic stream leaves that traffic stream, such as a vehicle leaving the outside lane if an expressway.
Diverging
This traffic conflict occurs when vehicles leave the traffic stream.
Diverging conflicts
The primary consideration in the design of geometric cross sections for highways, runaways, and taxiways.
Drainage
Progressive disintegration of the surface between the heel paths caused by dripping of gasoline or oil from vehicles.
Drip track raveling
An artificial basin for vessels when the basin is pumped out.
Dry dock
The time that a wind blows across the water.
Duration
These quantities are normally expressed as volumes, in metric units, they are given in cubic meters.
Earthwork
These are in meters above some datum; usually this datum is mean sea level, but it may be any arbitrary scale.
Elevation
The time linked with the two stages perception and intellection based on a particular traffic situation like fear or anger which has a vital influence on the final message or decision sent by the brain to the muscle.
Emotion
These include cost estimates for various parts of the project and are used to evaluate the acceptability of bids and the financial feasibility of the project.
Estimates
Divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at major intersection.
Expressway
Primarily involved in planning designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities.
Facility-oriented organization
An open water with navigable depth.
Fairway
Elevation difference between adjacent slabs at traverse joints. This is usually the result of pumping and is a major source of Portland concrete pavement
Faulting
The distance that the wind blows over the sea in generating the waves is known as:
Fetch
The existing ground is above the construction section.
Fill or embankment
A marine structure consisting of dolphins for tying up the ship and a platform for supporting the cargo handling equipment.
Fixed mooring berth
Warning devices use to supplement either controls and devices necessary to alert motorist of construction and maintenance activities of obstruction in roadway
Flashing lamps
A pavement that has negligible flexural strength.
Flexible
Defines as the number of vehicles per unit time passing a point in space and is usually expressed in vehicles per hour.
Flow
The cost of excavation normally includes the cost of removing the material from its existing state, hauling it up to some specified distance.
Free haul distance
The headway in a major stream, which is evaluated by a vehicle driver in a minor stream who wishes to merge into the major stream.
Gap
The headway in a major stream, which is evaluated by a vehicle driver in a minor stream who wishes to merge into the major stream.
Gap
This view has elevation as its vertical axis and horizontal distance, measured perpendicular to the centerline, as its horizontal axis.
Geometric Cross Section
This view has elevation as its vertical axis and horizontal distance, measured perpendicular to the centerline, as its horizontal axis.
Geometric Cross Section
These are sometimes used in constructing pavements. These are used to add strength, control moisture, and prevent the movement of fine materials into drainage layers.
Geotextiles
Expressed as decima fractions or as percentages.
Grade
These traffic solutions eliminate the crossing conflicts by placing the conflicting traffic streams at different elevations at their point of intersection.
Grade separation
Waves are formed by the frictional drag of wind across the water surface. This is a process of transferring energy from wind to water. Water particles are moved from their position by the wind, and then returned to the original position by gravity, which is a restoring force.
Gravity waves
A shore protection structure usually built perpendicular to the coastline to retard littoral transport of sedimentary materials.
Groin
Inform and advice road users of directions, distance, routes, the location of services and points of interests.
Guide sign
The product of a volume of materials times the average distance it is hauled.
Haul
The reciprocal of flow is the average time separation in the traffic stream and is usually measured in seconds.
Headway
A maximum wave height and wave period of the maximum wave height in a wave train.
Highest wave
This type of control on the object on the job site is commonly identified as primary, secondary and working.
Horizontal Control
These are described in terms of their lengths and their directions.
Horizontal tangents
Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wavelength is less than 0.5 but greater than 0.40.
Immediate water waves
After perception occurs, the formation of new thoughts and ideas, recalling old memories of similar occasions to a particular traffic situation.
Intellection
A solid structure, which projects into the sea perpendicular to the shore to berth vessels
Jetty
The breakdown or disintegration of slab edges at joints or cracks, usually resulting in the ss of sound concrete and the progressive widening of the joint or crack
Joint or crack spalling
Distanced traveled by the vehicle during the total reaction time.
Lag distance
The opposite side of a structure facing the direction from which the wind comes.
Leeward side
The longest distance material should ever be hauled.
Limit of economic haul
Cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement center line. These are caused by poorly constructed construction joints and shrinkage of the asphalt concrete surface; they may also be reflective cracks.
Longitudinal cracking
Calculation of optimum haul strategies and earthwork costs is done.
Mass diagram
A mixture of bitumen, fine aggregate, and filler in suitable proportion is heated to about 200 C in special cooker and laid.
Mastic asphalt
The maximum speed that cab be attained on a highway as the flow tends to zero.
Maximum free speed
The maximum speed that can be attained on a highway as the flow tends to be zero.
Mean free speed
The process by which a vehicle in on traffic stream joins another traffic steam moving in the same direction such as a ramp vehicle joining a freeway stream.
Merging
This traffic occurs when vehicles enter a traffic stream.
Merging conflicts
These models of traffic flow describe the relationship between flow, speed, and density.
Macroscopic
These models of traffic flow describe the motion of individual vehicles and their interactions with one another.
Microscopic
If one of the two daily tide is incomplete that is it does not reach the height of the previous tide, then the tides.
Mixed diurnal tides
A breakwater is a structure constructed for the purpose of forming an artificial harbor with a water area so protected from the effect of sea waves as to provide safe shipping. When a accommodations for breakwater supports a roadway.
Mole
Prevailing winds which are seasonal blowing in one direction over part of the year and in the opposite direction the remainder of the year.
Moonson
Type of dolphins which are not designed for the impact of the ship, as they located in back of the face of the dock where they will not be hit. They are located about 45 off the bow and stern.
Mooring dolphins
The lowest tide of the month when the line connecting the earth with sun and the moon form a right triangle that is when the moon is in its quarters.
Neap tides
Defined as the fraction of time that vehicles are present at a point in space.
Occupancy
Known as carriers, primarily concerned with operating fleets to provide transportation services.
Operating organization
Signs which provide means of displaying essential traffic information on wide multilane roads, where some degree of lane use control is required or where side of road clearance is insufficient to accommodate a road side sign.
Overhead sign
An arterial highway for non- commercial traffic with full or partial control of access and usually located within park.
Parkway
Minimum sight distance required on a two-lane, two-way highway that will permit a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding with an opposing vehicle and without cutting off the passing vehicle.
Passing sight distance
The layered structure placed over a soil sub grade for forming a road.
Pavement
Refers to the structural adequacy of the pavement section.
Pavement deflection
Refers to the condition of a pavement in terms of its general appearance.
Pavement distress
The measurement of the extent to which a road surface deviates from the plane.
Pavement roughness
Time required for transmission of the sensations received (through eyes, ears and body) to the brain and the spiral chord by the nervous system, to a particular traffic situation.
Perception time
The interval of time for two wave crests to pass the same position in space.
Period
A berth structure projecting out from the shoreline.
Pier
These refer to drawings, usually accompanied by notes, of various aspects or components of the design.
Plans
A type of rigid pavement, which has no temperature steel or dowels for the load transfer. This type of pavement is used mainly on low volume highways or when cement stabilized soils are used as sub material.
Plain concrete pavement
This is a drawing of the facility as it would look to an observer directly above it.
Plain view
This view has elevation as its vertical axis and horizontal distance, measured perpendicular to the centerline, as its horizontal axis.
Profile
Line representing the facility on the profile
Profile grade
A sheltered place where the ship may receive or discharge cargo. It includes the harbor with its approach channels and anchorage places.
Port
The max number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.
Possible Capacity
The max number of vehicles that can pads a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour without traffic density being so great as to cause unreasonable delay hazard or restrictions to the driver’s freedom to maneuver under the prevailing roadway and traffic.
Practical capacity
A layer of stone chipping coat laid over a hot to make the surface water proof conditions.
Prime coat
A platform built in the harbor parallel to the shore and backed up by ground.
Quay
A delay which results when the demand for a facility exceed its capacity.
Queue
Wearing away of the pavement surface caused by the dislodging of aggregate particles and binder.
Raveling
The total time required for perception, intellection, emotion and volition that is from the instant the object comes in the line of sight of the driver to the instant he arrives a decision say to slow down or overtake, under normal circumstance.
Reaction time
The bending of waves as they slow down.
Refraction
Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, if disregarded, will constitute an offense.
Regulatory signs
A platform or deck structure built below the top deck level and supported on bearing piles. The main function of the platform is to reduce the lateral soil pressure over the upper portion of the sheet wall.
Relieving Platform
Warn or advise if temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger road users or the men and equipment engaged in roadwork.
Roadwork signs
The maximum number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possibly be attained.
Road capacity
Type of thermoplastic Lane marking designed to aid and provide motorists with visual, audio, and motion warnings on the road.
Rumble strips
The average speed maintained by a vehicle over a particular stretch of road, while the vehicle is in motion. This is obtained by dividing the distance covered by the time during which the vehicle is in motion.
Running Speed
To level a floor or layer of concrete with a straight edge using a back and forth motion while moving across the surface.
Screeding
Waves under the influence of the winds that generated them.
Sea
A berth structure with no direct connection to the shore, at which the ships can berth. Berthing can take place on either one or both sided of the structure.
Sea island
A very thin surface applied over a bituminous pavement to make it impervious.
Seal Coat
A very long-standing wave on a large but limited body of water (lake) generated by occurring when a storm dies down after producing a wind tide.
Seiche
Waves of this type have very long periods, typically from 30 sec. up to the tidal period of 12 hr. 25 min. and are mostly found in enclosed or semi- enclosed basins such as artificial port basins or bays.
Seiching waves
Tides that occur twice its lunar day.
Semi-diurnal tides
Local sagging in the pavement caused by differential settlement, consolidation, or movement of the underlying earth mass.
Settlement
Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is equal to or less than 0.40.
Waves that occur in water having a depth less than one-half of the wave length and the influence of the bottom changes the form or orbital motion from circular to elliptical or near- elliptical.
Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is equal to or less than 0.40.
Waves that occur in water having a depth less than one-half of the wave length and the influence of the bottom changes the form or orbital motion from circular to elliptical or near-elliptical.
Shallow water waves
These are intended primarily as a safety feature. They provide for accommodation of stopped vehicles, emergency use, and lateral support of the pavement.
Shoulders
Describes the effectiveness of a pavement to prevent or reduce skid-related crashes.
Skid resistance
A hypothetical wave having a wave height and period equal respectively to average values of the wave height and period of the largest 1/3 of all waves in the train as counted in the order of greater wave height.
Significant wave
A type of rigid pavement having dowels for the transfer of traffic load across joints with these joints spaced at a larger distance than with plain pavements ranging from 10 m to 30 m. Temperature steel is used throughout the slab
Simply-reinforced concrete pavement
A type of mooring bollard which is suitable for warping ships along berths a single pillar type is used with lines from one ship only. General mooring application where rope angle is not steep. It has a normal max. working capacity of 200 tons.
Single and double pillar
The arithmetical mean value of the highest one-third of the waves for a stated interval
Significant wave height
A type of mooring bollard where all general mooring applications including steep rope angles and lines from two ships may be attached without interference. It has normal max. capacity of 200 tons.
Slobing robe
Waves that have propagated beyond the initial winds that generated them.
Swell
Generated by storms, which occur outside area of observation
Swells wave
The distance between the front of a vehicle and the front of the following vehicle.
Space headway
The arithmetic mean of speed of vehicles occupying a relatively long section of street or highway at given instant.
Space mean speed
Signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road condition.
Special instruction signs
These are written instructions detailing how the facility is to be constructed.
Specifications
Rrate of change of distance with respect to time and is usually measured in either miles per hour or feet per second depending on the application.
Speed
The instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified section or location.
Spot speed
The highest tide which occurs at intervals of half a lunar month when the sun , moon and earth fall in line.
Spring tides
The ratio of the wave height to its wave length is called:
Steepness
Minimum sight distance required for a driver to stop after seeing an object in the vehicle’s path without hitting that object.
Stopping sight distance
An abnormal rise of the sea level that occurs when a typhoon passes by. This rise above normal level on this open coast is due to atmospheric pressure reduction as well as due to wind stress.
Storm Surge
Determined based on the traffic loads, soils support, and other design factors.
Structural number
The part of the road structure which is immediately above the subgrade and composed of stone boulders or superior soil.
Sub-base
The layer of natural soil over which the pavement road is laid.
Sub-grade
This applies to cuved facilities, such as highways or railways, only. It consists of a graph with roadway or railway cross slope versus horizontal distance.
Superelevation diagram
The length of super elevation development from zero cross slope to full design super elevation in a circular curve alignment.
Super elevation run off
Wind generated waves which are created in the deep ocean at some distance from the port site and the wind that created them may be too distant to be felt in the port or may have stopped blowing or changed, its direction by the time the wave reach the port.
Swell waves
The purpose of this is to counteract the centripetal acceleration produced as a vehicle round a curve.
Superelevation or banking of curves
This involve modification of the roadway cross section from normal crown to full superelevation, at which point the entire roadway width has a cross slope of e.
Superelevation transition
Abnormal surface wear, usually resulting from poor quality surface mortar or coarse aggregate.
Surface attrition or surface abrasion.
Loss of the original surface texture due to traffic action.
Surface polish
An application of hot bitumen material given to the old surface to provide adhesion to the old and new road surface.
Tack coat
