MSTE Flashcards
Device mounted on a fixed support (permanent signs) or portable support (temporary signs) whereby a specific message is conveyed by means of words or symbols placed or erected for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
Traffic Signs
Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, if disregarded, will constitute an offense.
Regulatory Signs
Signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road condition
Special Instruction Signs
Warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be unexpected or hazardous
Warning Signs
Inform and advice road users of directions, distance, routes, the location of services, and points of interests
Guide Signs (Informative Signs)
Warn or advise of temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger road users or the men and equipment engaged on roadwork
Roadwork Signs
Signs which provide means of displaying essential traffic information on wide multi-lane roads, where some degree of lane use control is required, or where side-of-road clearance is insufficient to accommodate a road side sign
Overhead Signs -
Highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas behind
the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting
vehicles and their occupants, and to reduce the risk of
injuries to pedestrians and workers
Barriers
Warning devices used to supplement other controls and devices necessary to alert motorists of construction and maintenance activities or obstructions in the roadway.
Flashing Lamps
Light retro-reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway, in series, to indicate the roadway alignment.
Delineators
Devices which may be conical in shape or tubular-shaped capable of performing channelization of traffic which may be set on the surface of the roadway or rigidly attached for continued use
Traffic Cones
Roadwork devices consisting of precast concrete sections, sandbag, and others which, may be used to guide traffic at the construction site
Temporary Curbing
Device used in place of rigid barrier posts or traffic cones with a minimum of 450 mm by 50 mm wide with alternate bands of contrasting color as seen by approaching traffic for delineation of traffic.
Flexible Post or Bollard
COLOR: used as a background for STOP signs, as border color
on GIVE WAY signs, warning signs and prohibitive
signs in the regulatory type.
RED
COLOR: used as legend color for signs having white, yellow,
orange, fluorescent orange, fluorescent yellow green background and as chevron for hazard makers
Black
COLOR: used as background color for road signs
YELLOW
COLOR: the background color for most signs and legends
for some colored background.
WHITE
COLOR: used as background color for signs related to pedestrian movement, school zones, and road work hazard markers to give additional emphasis and guidance to vehicle operators.
Fluorescent Yellow Green
COLOR: used as background color for roadwork signs whose legends relate to personal working.
Fluorescent Orange
COLOR: used as background color for direction signs.
green
COLOR: used as background color for direction signs.
GREEN
COLOR: used as background color for service signs.
Blue
COLOR: reserved as background color for all tourist facility directional and information signs.
BROWN
Classifications of signs
*Regulatory Signs
* Warning Signs
* Guide Signs or Informative Sign
* Signs for Expressways
* Signs for Special Purposes
* Hazard Markers
To be effective, the road sign should meet the five basic
requirements:
- Fulfill a need
- Command attention
- Convey a clear, simple message
- Command respect; and
- Give adequate time for proper response
It should be noted that when all sign rules have been followed, some visual judgment must be exercised in adjusting sign elements. The following general rules are to be applied when designing the sign face:
- Cramping of legend is to be avoided;
- Avoid large areas of blank panel, particularly blank areas
not symmetrically disposed across the panel; - If there are two list of legends side by side (e.g., as on
Reassurance Signs) it is necessary to left justify the left list
and right justify the right list; and, - Elements such as arrows and symbols may sometimes
have to be larger than the principal legend would normally
require. For example, an arrow relates to several lines of
legends on a direction sign
Classification of Regulatory Signs
*Priority Signs
* Direction Signs
* Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs
* Speed Signs
* Parking Signs
* Miscellaneous Signs
Four Sizes for Regulatory Signs
- Size A for urban low speed roads;
- Size B for rural roads - speed limit between 60 and 70 kph;
- Size C for high speed rural highways’ multi-lane urban
roads - Size D for Expressways
Classification of Warning Signs
- Horizontal Alignment Signs
- Intersection and Junction Signs
- Advance Warning of Traffic Control Device Signs
- Road Width Signs
- Road Obstacle Signs
- Pedestrian and School Signs
- Railway Level Crossing
- Supplementary Signs
- Other Warning Signs
Signs in Directional Signing series are usually classified into
four categories:
- Those installed in advance of the intersection.
- Those installed at the intersection.
- Those on departure from the intersection.
- Those installed on expressways
Classification of Guide Signs
- Advance Direction Sign
- Intersection Direction Sign
- Reassurance Direction Sign
- Finger Board Direction Sign
- Street Name Signs
- Town Name and Geographical Feature Signs
- Service Signs
- Tourist Information and Tourist Destination Signs
- Route Markers
One-Way hazard markers indicate to the approaching driver the direction to be followed if the marker appears in the driving path. They may point to the left or right as appropriate and are used as follows:
- To delineate an abrupt narrowing of pavement, for
example, at a lane drop; - At exposed ends of raised median islands where traffic is
required to pass to one side; - On central island of a roundabout facing entering traffic;
and - To delineate the curve approach just prior to entering an
intersection.
Pavement markings have definite limitations:
- They are subject to traffic wear and require proper maintenance;
- They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet or dusty;
- They may be obscured by traffic;
- Their effect on skid resistance requires careful choice of
materials; and - They cannot be applied on unsealed roads.
Pavement markings have definite limitations:
- They are subject to traffic wear and require proper maintenance;
- They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet or dusty;
- They may be obscured by traffic;
- Their effect on skid resistance requires careful choice of
materials; and - They cannot be applied on unsealed roads.
The elements to consider when planning Expressways are:
- No frontage access;
- Development set well back from the highway;
- Grade separated intersections for extremely high flows
and other intersecting expressways; - Number of intersections to be minimized and
- Where necessary or for emergency purposes,
parking/stopping to be provided clear of the main
carriageway.
The elements to consider when planning Expressways are:
- No frontage access;
- Development set well back from the highway;
- Grade separated intersections for extremely high flows
and other intersecting expressways; - Number of intersections to be minimized and
- Where necessary or for emergency purposes,
parking/stopping to be provided clear of the main
carriageway.
The elements to consider when planning National Roads
are:
- Limited frontage access
- Development set well back from the highway
- All access to premises provided via provincial roads
- Number of intersections to be minimized
- Suitable at-grade channelized intersections for minor flows and other elements
- No roadside vendors
Color of Pavement Markings
The color of pavement markings shall be white except for
the alternative uses of yellow as specified below:
- Double yellow no-passing lines;
- Unbroken portion of no-passing lines;
- Curb markings for prohibition of parking;
- On islands in line of traffic;
- Bus and PUJ lanes; and,
- Keep Intersection Open markings
Red shall be used in: - No Loading/Unloading Zone; and
- Fire lane zone
Design Speed
The choice of an appropriate design speed for a road project
is important to ensure a safe design.
When choosing a design speed, the following factors need to
be considered:
- Function of the road
- Anticipated operating speed
- Anticipated speed limit
Warrants for Marking Center Lines
A center line may be marked on an urban or rural road if
one or more of the following conditions are met:
- Two lane road (greater than 6 m in width) carrying an
Annual Average Daily Traffic (ADT) in excess of 1000
vehicles; - Two lane road (less than 6 m but more than 5 m in width)
carrying an ADT in excess of 300 vehicles; and - Winding roads with widths of 5 m or more.
Barrier lines may consist of either:
- Two unbroken yellow lines;
- Single unbroken yellow line; or,
- Single yellow line with a broken white line
The following are the cases where barrier lines should be
used:
- As center lines on approaches to signalized intersections;
- As center lines of multi-lane roads where overtaking must
be prohibited, because of sign restrictions; - ‘No-Passing’ zones where there is a restricted sight
distance due to horizontal or vertical curves, or both; and - As center lines on approaches to railway crossings
Warrants for Use
Because of the high cost of installation and maintenance,
use of raised pavement markers may be considered only in
the following condition:
- In hilly areas where fog and rain are frequently the causes
of traffic accidents; and - In winding roads and accident prone areas.
The provision of safety sight distance depends on the characteristics of the driver such as:
- Alertness of driver
- Recognition of the hazard
- Actions available to the driver – to stop or to change
direction
The provision of safety sight distance depends on the
characteristics of the vehicle such as:
- Type of vehicle – car or truck
- Friction between the tire and the road
- Eye height of the driver
- Speed of vehicles
The provision of safety sight distance depends on the
characteristics of the road environment such as:
- Road geometry – grade and curvature sight limitations
- Road surface – sealed or unsealed, smooth or rough
- Road illumination at night
Each type of sight distance consists of three elements:
- Driver Eye Height
- Object Height
- Sight Distance
Two components in stopping sight distance:
- Reaction distance – the distance traveled while the driver
perceives a hazard, decides to take action, then acts by starting to apply the brakes to start slowing down; and - Braking distance – the distance required for the vehicle to
slow down and stop
Four different criteria used for the establishment of sag
vertical curves:
- Headlight sight distance
- Passenger comfort
- Drainage control
- General appearance
PPA has used MLLW as the datum line for design of port
facilities in accordance with charts. But there are many
ports of which low tide go down very often below MLLW.
For instance: (Port Cebu)
According to the tide table (1991) of NAMRIA, the
frequency of tide below MLLW is 213 times/year and the
maximum amount of the value is -0.51 m. Under this
condition it is dangerous for ships to utilize the port.
: - )
Shoulder paving is a valuable method of providing:
- Integrity of the pavement
- Width to place edgeline pavement markings
- Additional safety to prevent vehicles skidding or drivers
losing control in gravel. - Low maintenance costs compared with unpaved shoulders
Element of Berthing Facility:
- Planned Water Depth
- Design Water Depth
- Coping/Crown Elevation
- Length - Standard Part, Approach Part
- Width of Apron
- Slope of Apron
Four types of escape ramps:
- Sand Pile
- Descending Grade
- Horizontal Grade
- Ascending Grade
Types of intersections that generally exist on the road network are:
- Unflared and unchannelized intersections (without
widening or traffic islands) - Flared and unchannelized intersections (with widening
but without traffic islands) and - Channelized intersections (traffic islands to guide traffic)
Principles of good design to reduce the likelihood of traffic
accidents include:
- Minimize the speed of vehicles at potential collision points
*Separate movements and points of conflict by
channelization, or in some situations, prohibit certain
movements (and provide for them at other
intersections along the route) - Control movements to reduce the possibility of conflict
and - Clearly define vehicle paths by use of pavement markings
