Terminology Review

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

Entire halpoid set of heritable Material found in a cell or organism
- usually DNA – sometimes RNA

Question 2

Chromosome

Answer 2

Organized structure of DNA containing all or part of the genetic material of an organism

Question 3

Chromatin

Answer 3

The substance of a chromosome containing DNA + protein

Question 4

Chromatid

Answer 4

One half of a replicated Chromosome

Question 5

Eurochromatin

Answer 5

Loosley packed forms of chromatin
***Light bands

Question 6

Heterochromatin

Answer 6

Tightly packed forms of chromatin
***Dark bands

Question 7

What makes up a chromosome

Answer 7

Chromatin (Chromatin = DNA + Protein)

Question 8

Chromatid

Answer 8

A replicated chromosome prior to recombination and or cell division

Question 9

Sister chromatids

Answer 9

Within the same replicated chromonome

Question 10

Non-Sister chromatids

Answer 10

Found on homlogous chromsome

Question 11

Chomosome termnonlogy image

Answer 11

Question 12

DNA

Answer 12

Deocyriobonucleic Acid – hereditary materia

Question 13

ssDNA

Answer 13

Single Stranded DNA

Question 14

nDNA

Answer 14

Nuclear DNA – DNA found in the nucelus
***nDNA = typically contains multiple chromosomes

Question 15

mtDNA

Answer 15

Mitocondrial DNA – DNA found in the mitocndria

Question 16

cpDNA

Answer 16

Chloroplast DNA – DNA found in the chloroplast

Question 17

Chomosomes in bacteria + Viruses + mtDNA = cpDNA

Answer 17

Bacteria + Viruses + mtDNA = cpDNA = tyically contain a single chromsome AND the complete unit of DNA in tehse organeeles/organsims are pften referd to as the bacterial + viral + mirocondrial + chlorplastal genomes

Question 18

What is included when refer to Eukaryotic genome

Answer 18

technically the complete genomes includes nDNA + mtDNA + cpDNA BUT when someone is talking about the Eukaryotic genome they are typically refering to nDNA only

Question 19

Gene

Answer 19

Heretible unit that contributes to a charachteristics – often encodes protein BUT can also encode RNAs

***segment of DNA that contributes to charachteristics –> usually Protein coding regions

Question 20

Coding DNA

Answer 20

regions of genome that represent protein coding sequences

Question 21

What does gene refer to

Answer 21

The term gene can refer to the coding sequence only OR the coding sequence and the regulatory sequences that are proximal to the coding sequence

Question 22

Allele

Answer 22

A version or variant of a particular locus on the genome

Question 23

What does allele refer to

Answer 23

Often refer to gene variants BUT can also refer to variation in DNA sequences at any position on the genome (even in non-coding regions)

Question 24

Allele Names

Answer 24

Can be anything as long as they are defined

Question 25

Types of alleles

Answer 25

1. Wild-Type 2. Mutant 3. Null

Question 26

Wild-Type allele

Answer 26

One of many possible alleles of a gene that allo wthe gene to function "normally" ***Normal can be context specific

Question 27

Mutant Allele

Answer 27

Allele that results in abnormal function of a gene ***Can also refer to scenerios where reserachers are monitoring changes (mutation) in DNA whether they are involoved in gene function or not

Question 28

Null Allele

Answer 28

An Allele that results in either no gene product being produced or the absence of function of the gene product at the phenotypic level

Question 29

Genotypes for a locus in diploid organisms abbreviation

Answer 29

+/+ -- indicated 2 W-T alleles +/- -- indicates 1 W-T and 1 Null allele -/- -- indicates 2 Null alleles

Question 30

Locus

Answer 30

A specific position on a genome

Question 31

Phenotype

Answer 31

Observable charachteristics

Question 32

Genotype

Answer 32

Combination of alleles for a particular individual

Question 33

Chromosome Number (N)

Answer 33

Refers to the number of unique nuclear chromsomes in a cell or organsims ***Excludes mtDNA + cpDNA

Question 34

Ploidy

Answer 34

The number of sets of chromsomes in a cell Example -- halpoid 1N OR diploid 2N

Question 35

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 35

Chromosomes that share similar structural features and genes -- inherited from each parental source

Question 36

Alleles on Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 36

Homologous Chromosomes can have different alleles

Question 37

What types of organisms have homologous chromosomes

Answer 37

Only organsims thar are >2N (diploid or higher) have homologous chromosomes

Question 38

Karyotype

Answer 38

An individual's collection of chromosomes

Question 39

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Answer 39

refers to the state of an individual with identical or non-identical alleles at a particular locues +/+ VS. -/- VS. +/-

Question 40

Homozygous

Answer 40

Two of the same allele AA or +/+ or -/-

Question 41

Heterozygous

Answer 41

Two different Alleles Aa or =/-

Question 42

What is common feature of chromosome in Prokaryotes

Answer 42

Circular + Smaller than Eukaryotes

Question 43

What is the order of DNA from the least condenced to the most

Answer 43

Nucelosome --> 30nm fiber --> 30 nm loop --> 250 nm fiber --> 700 nm fiber ***Check this

Question 44

Gene expression is most likley to occur in...

Answer 44

Eurochromtin -- Logical because it is looke = transcription/translation can occur

Question 45

Directionality of FISH probes

Answer 45

Probe -- 5'-3' DNA -- 3'-5'

Question 46

What type of variation is obseirved in this chromsome (one was longer than another)

Answer 46

Heterochromatin + Eurochromatin differences

Question 47

A gene, BING-GB, contributes to the development of green blood and is located on the p arm of the metacentric chromosome 16. Individuals with the GBa allele are more likely to develop green blood than individuals with GBb allele. The BCA gene, located on q arm of the submetacentric chromosome 7, is involved with affinity for bearcats. Individuals with the BCA1 allele are more likely to love bearcats than individuals with the BCA2 allele. Consider an individual that is heterozygous for both loci. Which of the following depicts the relevant chromosomes following G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Answer 47