Terminology - Interactive Features Flashcards
What is a declarative sentence?
An utterance where the speaker’s use of language makes a legal or social change in a situation
i.e. “You are under arrest”, “I now pronounce you man and wife”
What is an imperative sentence?
Grammatical structure that gives an order to another person - there is no subject, and the verb action is fronted
i.e. “shut the door”
What is a directive sentence?
Any utterance which attempts to get the listener to perform a particular action - not limited to a specific grammatical structure
“shut the door” and “were you born in a barn?” would both be directives
What is an interrogative sentence?
Grammatical structure that asks a question of another person. Has a question mark at the end, and is structured with the verb or part of a verb phrase before the subject
What is a commissive sentence?
An utterance which commits the speaker to a particular action
What is an assertive sentence?
An utterance where the speaker asserts facts or give information
What is an expressive sentence?
An utterance which conveys the speaker’s feelings about something
What is a deixis?
Elements of spoken language which rely on the shared context of the conversation to be understood
i.e. here, there, we, now
What is a dispreferred response?
Responses which are not what the speaker is hoping will happen in response to their speech
What is a positive face?
The image of themselves which an individual projects; how they want to be seen
What is a negative face?
An individuals ability to act as they wish too
What is a face-threatening act?
Any act which threatens someone else’s face
e.g. questioning their truthfulness, insulting them, ordering them to do something they don’t want to, or refusing an invitation
What are felicity conditions?
Conditions which must be met in order for the preferred perlocutionary act to occur
What is Grice’s Maxims?
“Rules that we tend to follow in order to keep conversation flowing”
Quantity - talking the appropriate amount, not saying too much or too little
Quality - being truthful and sincere (or as sincere as the rest of the conversation)
Manner - being clear and comprehensible
Relevance - keeping your contributions relevant to the discussion at hand
What is negative politeness?
Disguising a face-threatening act by appealing to an individual’s negative face - making the threat seem smaller by minimising inconvenience, adding the appearance of choice
“I’m sorry to both you but is there any chance you could…?”
What is positive politeness?
Disguising a face-threatening act by appealing to an individual’s positive face - making them feel good about themselves
“You’re good at this…”
What is a preferred response?
The way in which a speaker wants the listener to respond to their speech
What are adjacency pairs?
Pairs of utterances which follow a predictable pattern
i.e. Thanks/You’re welcome
What time is it/Ten past three
What is back-channelling?
Minimal responses made by the listener to show that they are listening
e.g. “mmm” or “yeah”
What is colloquialism?
An everyday informal word
What is a contraction?
Shortening of words of phrases, expressed with an apostrophe
e.g. can’t
won’t
What is dialogue?
Text with multiple speakers
What is an elision?
Shortening or blending of words in speech
i.e. going to/gonna
kind of/kinda
What is an ellipsis?
When words are missed out of a sentence to save time or effort, but the meaning is still generally understood
i.e. “going to the shops?”
What is a false start?
Where a speaker begins an utterance then stops and begins again
What is a filler?
A word/phrase such as “like” or “you know”
Generally used to give the speaker time to think
What is a hedge?
Word or phrase used to soften an utterance or show uncertainty
e.g. “sort of”
“like”
“a little bit”
What is a micro-pause?
Pauses of less than a second, represented by (.) in a transcript
What is a monologue?
Text with a single speaker
What is an overlap?
Where one speaker begins talking before another has finished, but the original speaker is still able to finish their turn
What is a phatic expression?
An expression which is designed primarily to create a positive atmosphere or relationship and does not convey much actual information
What is a speaker agenda?
What a reader is trying to achieve within an interaction
What is a tag question?
A question formed from a declarative and a tagged-on question
“this is nice, isn’t it”
“you like cake, don’t you”
What is a timed pause?
Pause of longer than a second, indicated by a number of seconds in brackets (2)
What is turn-taking?
Speakers take turns to speak, avoiding overlaps and interruptions
What is an utterance?
An individuals “turn” in conversation
What is a locutionary act?
The actual utterance
What is an illocutionary act?
What is actually meant by the utterance
What is a perlocutionary act?
The effect of the utterance
