Terminology, cartilage and tissues Flashcards
what are the four major tissue types?
- Epithelial Tissue (= epithelium; covers surfaces of the body and some organs)
- Connective Tissue (supports body)
- Muscle Tissue (movement of body parts)
- Nervous Tissue (communication and control of body parts)
what is the epithelium?
epithelium tissue covers the surface of the body, body cavities and internal organs
what are the six functions of epithelium?
- protection of underlying tissues
- secretion (release of molecules from cells)
- Absorption (bring smaller molecules across concentration gradient)
- diffusion (movement of molecules across concentration gradient)
- filtration (passage of small molecules through a membrane)
- sensory reception
where is epithelial tissue present ?
throughout the whole body
what are the four main classes of connective tissue?
- connective tissue proper - loose and dense connective tissues
functions as a binding tissue - cartilage - hyaline-, elastic-, and fibro-cartilage
functions to cushion, supports body structures - bone tissue - compact bone, spongy bone;
functions in support, storage of nutrients - blood
functions in transportation
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
- cardiac muscle - wall of heart
- skeletal muscle - throughout body
- smooth muscle - walls of hollow viscera
describe anatomical position
- standing upwrite
- eyes forward
- arms by side
- palms forward, thumbs away from body
- feet flat and parallel
- neutral and relaxed
what does superior mean?
superior (cranial) - towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
e.g. the head is superior to the abdomen
what does inferior mean?
away from the head towards the lower parts of the body. e.g. the intestines are inferior to the liver
what does medial mean?
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
e.g. the heart is medial to the lungs
what does lateral mean?
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
e.g. The thumn is lateral to the pinky
what does proximal mean?
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
e.g the elbow is proximal to the wrist
what does distal mean?
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachemnt of a limb to the body trunk
the knee is distal to the thigh
what does ipsilateral mean?
on the same side
e.g. the right hand and right foot are ipsilateral
what does contralateral mean?
on opposite sides; the right hand and left foot are contralateral
what does anterior (ventral) mean?
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
e.g. the sternum is anterior to the heart
what does posterior (dorsal) mean?
towards or at the back of the body; behind
the vertebra is posterior to the heart
what does superficial (external) mean?
toward or at the body surface
the skin is siperficial to the skeletal muscles
what does deep (internal) mean?
away from the body surface; more internal
the lungs are deep to the skin
what is the median (midsagittal) plane
divides a structure into right and left portions
what is the frontal (coronal) plane?
divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions
what is the transerve plane?
divides a structure into superior and inferior portions
what is the sagital axis ?
the sagital axis is perpendicular to the coronal plane
what is the difference between a plane and an axis ?
movement occurs within a plane but around a axis
a plane is an imaginary flat surface that runs through the body whereas an axis is an imaginary line at a right angle to the plane about which a segment of the body rotates or spins
what is the coronal axis?
the coronal axis is perpendicular to the sagital plane
what is the longitudinal axis ?
the longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the transverse plane
what is articular cartilage ?
cartilage which cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints
what is costal cartilage ?
connects the ribs to the sternum
what is hyaline cartilage ?
used in bone growth and forms the embryonic skeleton
what is elastic cartilage
contains many elastic fibres and collagen fibrils, covers the opening of larynx
what is fibrocartilage?
a type of tissue that resits both strong compression and strong tension
occurs in certain ligaments and certain cartilages
