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ANAT1005 sem 2 2020 > bones, skeleton and joints > Flashcards

bones, skeleton and joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 functions of bones?

A
  1. support - bones provide the hard framework that supports the weight of the body
  2. movement - skeletal muscles attach to bones and use them as the levers to move
  3. protection - e.g. the cranial bones protect the brain
  4. mineral storage - bones are reservoir for minerals, importantly calcium and phosphate
  5. blood cell formation and energy storage - red bone marrow makes red blood cells (hematoposis) yellow bone marrow stores fat
  6. energy metabolism - osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin (plays a role in blood sugar regulation)
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2
Q

what are osteoblasts ?

A

cells that actively produce the bone matrix

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3
Q

what are osteocytes ?

A

keep bone matrix healthy, maintain bone matrix

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4
Q

what are osteoclasts ?

A

break down bone matrix

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5
Q

what are the four classifications of bone shape?

and provide examples

A

long - humerus
short - talus
flat - sternum
irregular - vertebrae

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6
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

a connective tissue membrane that cover the entire outer surface of each bone except on the ends

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7
Q

what is a tuberosity ?

A

large rounded projection

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8
Q

what is a crest?

A

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

e.g. the lilac crest of the hip bone

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9
Q

what is a line ?

A

a narrow ridge of bone less prominent than a crest

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10
Q

what is a tubercle ?

A

small rounder projection or process

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11
Q

what is a head?

A

boney expansion carried on a narrow neck

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12
Q

what is a facet?

A

smooth, flat articular surface

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13
Q

what is a meatus?

A

canal -like passageway

e.g. the external and internal auditory meatus on the temporal bone

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14
Q

what is a fossa?

A

a shallow basinlike depression in a bone

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15
Q

what is a sinus?

A

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous

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16
Q

what is the name given to the formation of bone-tissue?

A

osteogenesis and ossification

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17
Q

what is endochondral ossification?

A

the process in which hyaline cartilage is replaced with bone matrix

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18
Q

what are the five steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. a bone collar forms around the diaphysis
  2. cartilage calcifies in the centre of the diaphysis
  3. the periosteal bud invades the diaphysis and the first bone tracbeculae forms
  4. diaphysis elongates and the medullary cavity forms
  5. epiphyses ossify and cartilaginous epiphyseal plates separate diaphysis and epiphyses
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19
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate?

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis
aka the growth plate
responsible for lengthening
bones during the two decades following birth

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20
Q

what are the five zones of the epiphyseal plate/growth plate?

A

reseting zone

profliferation zone - chondroblasts at the top divide quickly pushing diaphysis anway from epiphysis, elongating the bone

hypertrophic zone - older chondrocytes in the stack enlarge and send signal to calcify

calcification zone - cartilage matrix becomes calcified

ossification zone

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21
Q

bone deposition is accomplished by ….

A

osteoblasts

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22
Q

bone resorption is accomplished by ….

A

osteoclasts

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23
Q

what is the most complex bony structure ?

A

the skull

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24
Q

what are the cranial bones/cranium/skull cap ?

A 
there are 8 cranial bones, these bones enclose and protect the brain 
occipital 
sphenoid
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
ethmoid 
frontal
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25
Q

what are the four large sutures of the cranium?

A 
the coronal suture (where parietal bones meet frontal bone)
squamous suture (occurs where each parietal bone meets the temporal bone inferiorly) 
sagittal suture (where the left and right parietal bones meet) 
lambdoid suture (occurs where parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly )
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26
Q

which bone houses the foramen magnum ?

A

the occipital bone

foramen magnum is the large hole of the inferior aspect

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27
Q

where are the occipital condyles and what do they articulate with ?

A

the occipital condyle are located lateral to the foramen magnum and articulate with the superior articular facets of the atlas

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28
Q

where is the sphenoid bone? and what are some key features

A

remember the sphenoid bone when looking at the skull anteriorly it looks like a butterfly
it articulates with each of the other cranial bones
It consists of a central body and three pairs of processes; the greater wings, lesser wings and pterygoid processes

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29
Q

Structures that form the vertebral arch are __________ and __________.

A

lamina and pedicles of a vertebra

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30
Q

Parts of which bones form the middle cranial fossa?

A

sphenoid and temporal bones

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31
Q

Which bones of the skull contain paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal,
ethmoid,
maxillae, and
sphenoid bones

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32
Q

Most of the articulation of which structures enable the head to nod up and down (that is, to nod “yes”)?

A

occipital condyles and superior articular facets of the atlas vertebra C1

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33
Q

Bones that develop between the major skull bones, particularly between the occipital and parietal bones, are ______bones.

A

sutural

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34
Q

Mastoid air cells are located in the mastoid process of the_______ bone

A

temporal

35
Q

Why is the sphenoid bone considered the “keystone” of the cranium?

A

It articulates with every other cranial bone.

36
Q

The jugular foramen is an opening for the internal jugular vein and which other structure(s)?

A

cranial nerves IX, X, and XI

37
Q

The _____ bone of the axial skeleton does not articulate directly with any other bones.

A

hyoid

38
Q

The bones that articulate with the frontal bone superiorly, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid posteriorly, and the maxillae laterally are the ______ bones.

A

nasal

39
Q

The inferior part of the nasal septum is formed by the ____

A

vomer

40
Q

The ____ nasal conchae form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, but are not part of the ethmoid bone.

A

inferior

41
Q

The posterior part of the hard palate and a small portion of the nasal cavity and orbit walls are formed by the _______ bones.

A

palatine

42
Q

what thoracic vertebra do not have a transverse costal facet

A

T11 and T12

43
Q

do all cervical vertebrae have intervertebral discs located between them ?

A

no C1 and C2 do not have them

44
Q

The manubrium of the sternum articulates with the body of the sternum at the __________.

A

sternal angle

45
Q

which bones does the zygomatic bone articulate with?

A 
maxilla
shenoid bone
frontal bone 
temporal bone
parietal bone
46
Q

The first rib has what unique characteristic(s) when compared to other ribs?

A

It has grooves on its superior surface for the subclavian artery and vein.
and
It is flattened from superior to inferior.

47
Q

The thoracic and sacral curvatures of the spine are the ____ curvatures.

A

primary

present at birth

48
Q

what are the three sections of the sternum?

A

manubrium, body and xiphoid process

49
Q

where is the jugular notch?

A

superior border of the manubrium

50
Q

what is the sternal angle?

A

where the manubrium joins the body of sternum

51
Q

The ____ of a rib articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra of the same number as the rib.

A

tubercle

52
Q

A vertebra has thin, tapered transverse processes and a blunt, rectangular posteriorly facing spinous process. It is a
____ vertebra.

A

lumbar

53
Q

what is scoliosis and what may it result from ?

A

an abnormal lateral bending of the vertebral column

abnormally structured vertebrae
lower limbs of unequal length

54
Q

what is a secondary curvature?

A

cervical curvature - when a baby starts to lift head

lumbar curvature - when toddler starts to walk

55
Q

what does the thoracic cage include ?

A

12 pairs of ribs, the sternum and the thoracic vertebrae

56
Q

what does the sternum consist of and what are the important landmarks ?

A

maniubrium, body and xiphoid process

landmarks; jugular notch, sternal angle and xiphisternal joint

57
Q

characteristics of ribs?

A

typical ribs consist of a head with facets, a neck, a tubercle and a shaft and costal cartilage occurs on the ventral end of each rib

58
Q

The sternal angle of the sternum is __________.

A

a good landmark for finding the second ribs

59
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of ?

A

the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the bones of lower and upper limb

60
Q

what do the pectoral girdles consist of?

A

a clavicle, a scapula and attaches an upper limb to the thoracic cage

61
Q

what does each clavicle articulate with?

A

each clavicle articulates with the manubrium (sternoclavicular joint) medially and a scapular lateral (acromioclavicular joint)

62
Q

purpose of clavicles?

A

the clavicles hold the arms laterally away from the thorax and transmit pushing forces from the upper limbs to the thorax

63
Q

what bones does the scapular articulate with?

A

a clavicle (acromioclavicular joint) and a humerus (glenoidhumeral joint

64
Q

what bone comprises the arm ?

A

humerus

65
Q

what are the bones of the forearm ?

A

radius (lateral) and ulna (medial)

66
Q

what bones make up the pelvic girdle ?

A

two hip bones and sacrum which form the pelvis

67
Q

what are the characteristics of the hip bones?

A

ilium, ischium and pubis which are fused together, the region which they are fused is the acetabulum

68
Q

what is the ilium ?

A

is the superior flaring part of the hip bone. The ilium forms a joint with the sacrum.

69
Q

what is the ischium ?

A

It is a curved bar of bone . When sitting weight is borne by the ischial tuberosity

70
Q

what does the pelvic inlet consist of ?

A

the pubic crest, arcuate line of ilium and sacral promontory.

71
Q

Difference between female and male pelvis?

A

male pelvis is relatively deep and narrow, with larger, heavier bones

female pelvis (which forms the birth canal is comparatively shallower and wider)

72
Q

what is the only bone of the thigh?

A

the femur

73
Q

what done does head of the femur articulate with ?

A

the acetabulum (socket of hip bone) to form the hip joint

74
Q

what are the bones of the leg ?

A

tibia (which participates in both knee and ankle joints) which is located medially and the slender fibula which is located laterally

75
Q

what are the bones of the foot?

A

tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

The most important tarsals are the calcaneus (heal bone ) and the talus (which articulates with the leg bones at the ankle joint)

76
Q

what are the functional classifications of joints ?

A

synarthrosis (no movement)

amphiarthrosis (limited/slight movement)

diarthrosis (free movement)

77
Q

what are the structural classifications of joints?

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

78
Q

characteristics of fibrous joints?

A

in fibrous joints the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity
nearly all fibrous joints are synarthrotic (immovable)

79
Q

what are the types of fibrous joints ?

A

sutures
syndesmoses (ligament joints)
gomphoses (teeth with sockets)

80
Q

what are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints ?

A

bones are united by cartilage and not joint cavity exists

81
Q

what is an example of a cartilaginous joint ?

A

epiphyseal plates

fibrocartilage joints - intervertebral discs and public symphysis

82
Q

what is the general structure of synovial joints ?

A

fluid filled joint cavity

covered by articular capsule

83
Q

what types of movements are allowed by synovial joints ?

A

contracting muscles produces three common kinds of bone movements at synovial joints; gliding, angular movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction and rotation

84
Q

what are the types of synovial joints ?

A

plane (non-axial)
hinge or pivot (uniaxial)
condylar or saddle (biaxial)
ball and socket (multi-axial)

ANAT1005 sem 2 2020 (3 decks)

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