Terminology

Question 1

Abrasion (corneal)
Accommodation
Addition

Answer 1

Scraping off part of the superficial layer of the cornea. to be differentiated from a laceration of the cornea which extends deeper that bowman’s membrane
The ability, the mechanism or the process of the eye to attain maximum sharpness of the retinal image at a variety of distances by adjusting the idiotic power of the crystalline lens through contraction or relaxation.
Aka. Add. Refers to the strength of a bifocal addition to a spectacle lens. It is the amount of plus power which must be added to the distance prescription to assist the eyes accommodation at a given distance, usually intermediate or near. An add can also be placed in a contact lens.

Question 2

Albinism
Allen cards
Amblyopia

Answer 2

Congenital absence of pigment in the skin, hair, retina, and iris. Often associated with lowered visual acuity and light sensitivity
Cards with pictures that are used for testing vision in preschool children or illiterate patients.
Lazy eye. A reduction in visual acuity that cannot be corrected by spectacles or contact lenses. A childhood vision problem that is believed to occur from not using an eye. The most common cause of amblyopia is crossed eye. The child does not use the crossed eye to see (the brain turns the eye “off”); and through disuse the eye becomes amblyopic. Can often be reversed if the child is forced to use the affected eye (by patching the unaffected eye).

Question 3

Ametropia
Anisocoria
Anisometropia

Answer 3

Any refractive error of the eye that can be corrected by spectacles or other visual aids
Refers to the condition in which the pupils of the eyes are not equal in diameter
A refractive error which exhibits a notable difference in prescription from eye to eye. This condition often leads to visual discomfort at near due prismatic effect or dissimilar image sizes between the two retinas.

Question 4

Anterior Chamber
Aphakia (Aphakic)
Astigmatism

Answer 4

The space inside the eye just behind the cornea and in front of the iris. It is filled with aqueous humor.
The state of the eye when the crystalline lens has been removed and an intraocular lens implant was not utilized. These patients usually have a high plus refractive error.
A refractive error typically caused by a corneal surface curvature greater in one meridian than another, which results in a football-shaped rather than spherical-shaped cornea. The crystalline lens also can cause astigmatism

Question 5

Base (of a prism)
Binocular
Biometry (ocular)

Answer 5

Thickest edge of a prism, opposite the apex
Pertaining to the use of both eyes
The statistical analysis of biological observations. In vision, the term refers to a measurement of the distance between various ocular. structures using A-scan and B-scan ultrasound instrumentation.

Question 6

Blepharitis
Blepharoplasty
Blephatospasm

Answer 6

Any inflammation of the eyelid, commonly the margins
Excision of excess skin and orbital fat in an eyelid for functional reasons (when causing a visual field deficit) or for cosmetic reasons.

Question 7

Buckle
Cataract
Cell & Flare

Answer 7

Refers to the surgical procedure of scleral bucking in which a piece of silicone plastic or sponge is sewn onto the eyeball at the site of a retinal tear in order to push the sclera toward the retina tear so that the retina is placed against the sclera, allowing scarring to seal the tear. The procedure also helps prevent fluid leakage which could add to further retinal detachment.
Refers to the partial or complete loss of transparency of the crystalline lens of the eye or its capsule, or both. There are multitude of causes, all with the result of a loss of visual acuity. Opaqueness in the center of the lens (affecting the line of sight) is most serious, peripheral Opacities are less so.
Observed upon ocular examination of the anterior chamber with the slit land biomicroscope, after surgery or examination for uveitis or iritis; “cell” refers to individual inflammatory cells “flare” is the foggy appearance given by protein that has leaked from inflamed blood vessels.

Question 8

Chalazion
Cone
Conjunctiva

Answer 8

A usually painless lump on the eyelid caused by granuloma of a meibomian gland.
Refers to retinal receptor cell that provides sharp visual acuity and color discrimination; located mainly in the fovea
The mucous membrane that lines the back of the eyelid and the front part of the eyeball to the limbus.

Question 9

Conjunctivitis
Convergence
Cornea

Answer 9

Inflammation of the conjunctiva
The directional property of a bundle of light rays turned or bent toward a real image point; to be distinguished from the divergence property of a bundle of rays emanating from a point source. Also, the turning inward of the eyes in order to intersect each line of sight at a near finite point.
The transparent anterior portion of an eye serving as the first and largest refracting medium (approximately 70% of the refractive power of the eye). The average central thickness of a human cornea is 0.56 mm in the center. The human cornea consists of five distinc layers as follows; Corneal epithelium, Bowman’s *membrane) layer, Stroma, Descemet’s membrane, Corneal endothelium.

Question 10

Corneal Ulcer
Cul-de-sac
Cycloplegia

Answer 10

Loss of substance of the surface of the cornea from progressive erosion and necrosis that can usually be traced to a specific pathological agent.
The ocular fornix.
Paralysis of the ciliary muscle and loss of the power of accommodation, often accompanied by dilation of the pupil. It may be pathological or induced with drops

Question 11

Dacryocystitis
Dermatochalsis
Diopters

Answer 11

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac
Blephatochalasis; drooping eye lid tissue caused by redundancy of skin in eyelids, caused by atrophy of the elastic tissue.
A measurement of the focusing power of a lens

Question 12

Diplopia
Disc
Drusen

Answer 12

Refers to double vision, i.e., seeing two images of a single object.
Short for optic disc or optic nerve head which is the exit site of retinal nerve fibers from the eye
Typically small, white hyaline deposits lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium in the macula and associated with Age Related Macular Degeneration. The dry form progresses slowing while the wet form is more severe and rare.

Question 13

Ductions
Ectropion
Emmetropia

Answer 13

Monocularly, any movement of the eye through use of the extraocular muscles (abduction, turning outward; adduction, turning inward).
A rolling outward of a part. In vision, the turning outward of the eyelid.
The state where an eye requires no visual correction, i.e., the vision is 20/20 or better. An infinite distant fixated object is imaged sharply on the retina without inducing an accommodative response.

Question 14

Entropion
Enucleation
Epiphora

Answer 14

A turning inward of a part. In vision, the in-folding of the margin of the eyelid.
Removal of the entire eye from its socket. Usually the extra ocular muscle are left.
An overflow of tears onto the cheek, usually the result of a lacrimal duct obstruction

Question 15

Esophoria
Esotropia
Evisceration

Answer 15

The tendency for the eyes to turn inward in the absence of a fusion stimulus and thus prevented by binocular fixation.
The form of strabismus in which the visual axes converge. Synonyms are convergent squint, convergent strabismus or crossed eye.
Surgical removal of the inner contents of the eye, with the sclera left intact.

Question 16

Exophoria
Exopthalmos
Exotropia

Answer 16

The divergent turning, or the amount of divergent turning, of the two eyes relative to each other in the absence of a fusion stimulus. More generally the tendency of the eye to turn outward.
An abnormal protrusion of the eyeball from the orbit.
The abnormal turning outward from the nose of one or both eyes, i.e., divergent strabismus

Question 17

Filtering Procedure
Fissure
Fovea

Answer 17

A channel is created from the anterior chamber to the external surface of the eye under conjunctiva, allowing aqueous fluid to seep into a filtering bleb from which it is slowly absorbed and helps to control intraocular pressure.
A cleft or groove. In vision, the palpebral fissure is the region between the upper and lower eyelids.
In general, a small depression or pit. In vision, refers to the fovea centralists, an area approximately 1.5 mm in diameter within the central macula in the retina that provides for the most acute vision.

Question 18

Fundus
Glaucoma
Giemsa Stain

Answer 18

Generally, the base on the internal surface of a hollow organ. In vision, refers to the ocular funds, which is the concave interior of the inside of the eye, this being the retina, the optic disc, and the retinal vessels which can be observed with an ophthalmoscope.
An ocular disease where the pressure in the eye is elevated to a point where damage occurs to the optic nerve. There are many types of glaucoma, but the two most common are open-angle (chronic) glaucoma and narrow-angle (acute) glaucoma.
A differential stain used to study the adherence of bacteria to human cells as it differentially stains human cells and bacterial cells. It can be used for histopathological diagnosis of malaria and some protozoan blood parasites

Question 19

Gram’s stain
Guttata
Herpes simplex

Answer 19

A staining method to differentiate gram positive bacteria (stain purple) from gram negative bacteria (stain pink)
Small bumps on Descemet’s membrane
Infection characterized by the presence of small vesicles typically on the borders of the lips, nostrils or genitals; may occur on the eyelids, conjunctiva, or cornea. Tends to be recrudescent.

Question 20

Herpes zoster
Hippus
Hirschberg Test

Answer 20

Infection caused by the herpes zoster virus wherein groups of vesicles erupt on one side of the body following the course of a nerve. The virus may lay latent for years. The condition is self-limiting but may be accompanied or followed by severe pain. A synonym is shingles.
Abnormal, rhythmic and intermittent bilateral pupillary dilation and constriction, independent of illumination, convergence or stimuli.
Also referred to as Hirschberg Corneal Reflex Test and performed to determine a misaligned eye.

Question 21

Homonymous
Homonymous Hemianopia
Hordeolum

Answer 21

Having the same or designation. In vision, refers to hemianopsia that is located on the same side.
Visual field defect caused by a visual pathway abnormality occurring behind the chasm. This condition affects the same half (right or left) of each eye’s field of vision.
Localized, usually painful, inflammation located in eyelash follicles at eyelid margins; also called stye.

Question 22

Horner’s Syndrome
Hyperopia
Hypertropia

Answer 22

A syndrome caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system with signs including ptosis (drooping upper lid), upside down ptosis (elevation of the lower eyelid), mitosis (pupil constriction) and sometimes anhydrosis (decreased facial sweating) and flushing of the face on the affected side.
A refractive condition in which the axial length of the globe is shorter than normal and/or the cornea is flatter than normal. Light rays are focused at a point behind the retina. Usually referred to as farsightedness.
A strabismus where one eye is higher than the other; deviation upward of one eye and not controllable b fixation efforts. Can be seen with both eyes open.

Question 23

Hyphema
Hypopyon
Injection

Answer 23

Blood (usually from Hemorrhage) in the anterior chamber of the eye.
Accumulation of pus in the anterior chamber
Generally, redness of the eye. Congestion of ciliary or conjunctival blood vessels.

Question 24

Intraocular Lens (IOL)
Iridectomy
Iris

Answer 24

Any lens, typically plastic, that is surgically implanted to replace the natural crystalline lens of the eye; usually due to cataract.
Removal of a portion of iris tissue, generally from under the upper lid.
A pigmented (colored) tissue structure that lies behind the cornea and in front of the lens. It controls the amount of light entering the back of the eye by varying pupil size through constriction and dilation.

Question 25

Iritis
Ischemia
Keratitis

Answer 25

Inflammation of the iris typically accompanied by pain, circumcorneal injection, discomfort from light, aqueous flare, constricted and sluggish contraction pf pupil, and discoloration of the iris. It may be caused by injury, syphilis, Rheumatism, gonorrhea, tuberculosis tr other systemic disease, although usually the cause is not known.
Localized mechanical obstruction of the blood supply, usually from arterial narrowing. In the eye, refers to retinal ischemia, where there is an arterial constriction causing reduced blood flow to the retina and resulting in the subjective sensation of visual grayout or blackout.
Inflammation of the cornea. Usually accompanied by circumcorneal injection, conjunctivitis and the subjective symptoms of pain, lacrimation, photophobia, blepharospasm, and reduction of vision. If very severe, ulceration and suppuration may occur and the iris and the ciliary body may become involved. There are many types and classification depending on location (e.g., epithelial), case (e.g., from exposure to ultraviolet light or a pathogen), and presentation (e.g., diffuse, dendritic).

Question 26

Keratoconus
Keratopathy
Krimsky Method

Answer 26

A developmental or dystrophic deformity in which the cornea becomes conical (cone-shaped) due to a thinning and stretching of the tissue in its central zone and usually manifested at puberty. The condition is usually bilateral.
Any disease of the cornea, but often referring to a noninflammatory disease of the cornea (as distinguished from keratitis).
A method for determining the objective angle of strabismus (assessment of the eye deviation) utilizing a prism placed in front of the deviating eye. When the corneal light reflex in the deviating eye appeared to occupy the same relative position as that in the fixating eye, the angle is determined.

Question 27

Lacrimal Sac
Laser
Lens

Answer 27

The larger upper end of the lacrimal duct into which the two lacrimal canaliculi empty. Also called the tear sac.
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation; refers to a device that concentrates high energies into an intense narrow beam on non-divergent monochromatic electromagnetic radiation.
Any transparent substance (typically glass or plastic) existing or made into a shape that allows rays of light to converge or to diverge.

Question 28

Lens Capsule
Lens Cortex
Lens Nucleus

Answer 28

A clear, elastic membrane-type structure that surrounds the crystalline lens.
The portion of the crystalline lens which tends to become denser and more rigid with age.
The center of the crystalline lens which tends to become denser and more rigid with age.

Question 29

Leukocoria
Limbus
Macrophthalmia

Answer 29

Any pathologic condition that produces a white reflex in the pupillary area, e.g., retrolental fibroplasia.
A border. In vision, this term refers to the annular transition boundary between the cornea and the bulbar conjunctiva that is approximately one millimeter wide. It is highly vascularized and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea.
Refers to an abnormally large eyeball, usually the result of infantile glaucoma. Also known as buphthalmos.

Question 30

Macropsia
Macula Lutea Retinae
Macular degeneration

Answer 30

A neurological condition whereby objects appear larger than their normal size. The opposite of micropsia.
A small oval area of the retina, approximately 3 to 5 millimeters in diameter located temporal to the optic disc. With the fovea at its center, it comprises the Rea of the retina that gives the most distance vision. Also refereed to as the yellow spot.
A common caused of decreased vision for talents over the age of 60 with loss of pigment and deposits in the macular Rea, sometimes associated with blood vessels growth and leakage.

Question 31

Megalocornea
Microphthalmia
Micropsia

Answer 31

A non-progressive enlargement of the cornea.
Refers to an abnormally small eye. Congenital and often associated with eyelid and orbital defects and poor vision.
A neurological condition whereby objects appear smaller than their normal size. The opposite of micropsia.

Question 32

Miosis
Motility
Myokymia

Answer 32

Refers to reduction in pupil size and sometimes the condition of having a very small pupil, e.g., under normal illumination; a pupil 2 millimeters or less in diameter.
Movement of the eyes and the study of extra ocular muscles.
The twitching of individual muscle bundles, usually following fatigue. When occurring within the eyelid, it is termed a tic of the eyelid.

Question 33

Myopia
Myotomy
Neutralize

Answer 33

A refractive condition in which the axial of the globe is longer than normal and/or the cornea is steeper than normal. Light rays are focused at a point in front of the retina. Usually reared to as nearsightedness.
Any surgical division of muscle fibers. In vision, this refers to the cutting of an extra ocular muscle to reduce its pull.
The method of determine the power of the eye or of a lens by adding appropriate lenses of the opposite power. Commonly refers to using a lensometer to determine the spherical power and cylinder power with axis (if present) powers of a spectacle lens.

Question 34

Nevus
Nystagmus
Optic Atrophy

Answer 34

An area of pigmentation most often in the form of a congenital, benign neoplasm and, in the eye, may be seen in various tissues, e.g., choroid, conjunctiva, iris.
A involuntary oscillating, rapid movement, or rotation of the eyeball occurring regularly. There are numerous types and causes of nystagmus.
Degeneration of the optic nerve fibers with resultant loss of vision.

Question 35

Optic nerve
Optic neuritis
Optic Neuropathy

Answer 35

Cranial nerve II. It is composed of fibers from all the retinal ganglion cells (over 800,000) and carries impulses from the retina to the geniculate body of the brain, resulting in the sense of vision. The two optic nerves join at the optic chasm to form the optic tract.
Inflammation of the optic nerve
Damage to the optic nerve to form the optic tract

Question 36

Palpebral
Palpebral Fissure
Papilledema

Answer 36

Pertaining to the eyelid.
When the eye is open, the area between the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid. In human adults this is on average 9-10 mm vertically and 29-20 mm horizontally.
Bulging of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure.

Question 37

Papillitis
Paracentesis
Phacodonesis

Answer 37

Inflammation restricted to the optic nerve head (intraocular optic neuritis) often associated with visual field loss, pain on moving the eye and can be an early sign of multiple sclerosis. To be differentiated from papilledema.
A medical procedure involving needle drainage of fluid from a body cavity. In vision, this refers to an anterior chamber tap to either rapidly bring down intraocular pressure or to draw fluid for analysis.
A state where the crystalline lens seems wobbly, with eye movement typically secondary to broken zonular fibers or attachments.

Question 38

Phoria
Photophobia
Photopsia

Answer 38

The tendency for an eye to deviate from straight ahead. Are not discernible with both eyes open, but only when one eye is covered.
Fear of light. Typically refers to sensitivity to and/or discomfort from light.
Perceive flashes of light not caused by an external light source but from mechanical or electrical irritation of the retina, neutral pathways or brain. Commonly associated with posterior vitreous detachment.

Question 39

Poliosis
Polycoria
Polyopia

Answer 39

The absence of melanin in the pain (loss of color) oftentimes associated with certain medical conditions.
More than one pupillary opening in the iris.
Refers to the perception of multiple visual images of one object. May be monocular or binocular and often caused by a corneal abnormality or cataract.

Question 40

Posterior chamber
Posterior vitreous detachment
Presbyopia

Answer 40

The space inside the eyeball between the back of the iris and the front of the crystalline lens.
Separation of the vitreous body from the retinal surface.
From the greek words meaning “old eye.” Condition where the crystalline lens is no longer able to accommodate sufficiently to provide clear near vision. Becomes noticeable in humans sometimes after the age of 40 and may be corrected with bifocals, trifocal or progressive spectacles lenses, as well as contact lenses.

Question 41

Prism
Prosthesis
Pseudophakia

Answer 41

A wedge shaped transparent optical device that bends light rays passing through it and separate (i.e., disperses) white light into its components colors.
Any substitute for a body part, whether missing at birth or lost to disease. In vision, the term refers to an ocular prosthesis, usually meaning an artificial eye, buy sometimes more generally used to refer to any optical aid such as spectacles or occluders.
An eye in which the natural crystalline lens has been replaced by an intraocular lens

Question 42

Ptosis
Punctum
Quadratanopia

Answer 42

In general medicine, synonym for prolapse. In vision, drooping of the upper lid.
Opening in the nasal portion of the eyelids through which tear fluid drains out of the eye.
Blindness or loss of vision in one quadrant of the interior of the eye is illuminated with white light.

Question 43

Red Reflex
Refraction
Retina

Answer 43

The normal reddish glow that is seen in the pupil when the interior of the eye is illuminated with white light.
The bending of a ray or wave, e.g., light, heat, sound as it passes obliquely from one medium to another of different density, in which its speed is different, or through layers of different density in the same medium. In optics, this term refers to the ability (or measurement of this ability) of an eye to refract light entering it to form an image on the retina. Also the term used to describe the sum of steps performed by an eye care professional in arriving at a determination as to what refractive correction (utilizing optical lenses or contact lenses) will provide the best visual acuity for a specific person undergoing the examination.
The light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eyeball and which sends visual impulses through the optic nerve to the brain.

Question 44

Retinal Detachment
Retinal Migraine
Retinitis Pigmentosa

Answer 44

An ocular disorder where the retina separates from its underlying layer of supporting tissue. Symptoms include an increased number of floaters along with flashes of light.
Visual disturbances preceding the headaches phases of the migraines attack.
A hereditary, age-dependent, but latent at birth, progressive degeneration and atrophy of the retina characterized by the migration of pigments in the inner layer of the retina.

Question 45

Retinoscope
Retrobulbar
Retrobulbar Neuritis

Answer 45

An instrument for objectively determining the refractive state of the eye utilizing the retinal reflex.
Situated or occurring behind the eyeball
Inflammation of the optic nerve behind the optic disc of the eye causing markedly reduced visual acuity; is seen with multiple sclerosis patients

Question 46

Rods
Schirmer Test
Scitillating Scotoma

Answer 46

One of two kinds of light sensitive (photoreceptor) cells that form a layer of the retina and act as light-relieving media. Very sensitive to photic stimulation and function at low degrees of illumination (night vision). More sensitive to motion than cones. It is estimated that there are approximately 125-130 million rods in the human retina. Absent in the fovea centralis. Refer to cones.
Test tear production by placing filter paper tips inside the lower eyelids. the strips are removed after five minutes and measured in millimeters. to test basal tear secretion, topical anesthetic is placed in the eye prior to placement of paper strips. reflex tearing is tested without anesthetic. For either test, less than 5 mm is considered abnormal; greater than 15 mm is normal.
Perception of twinkling lights of various intensity associated with a migraine

Question 47

Sclera
Scleritis
Scotoma

Answer 47

The outer fibrous tissue of the globe sometimes referred to as the white of the eye. It is somewhat spherical in shape with a small posterior opening through which the optic nerve passes. There is a large anterior opening where it joins with the cornea.
Inflammation of the sclera
An isolated area of depressed visual sensitivity in the retina resulting in the concomitant loss of resolution in the external visual field. The surrounding retinal area shows normal visual sensitivity. A complete absence of visual sensitivity is referred to as an absolute scotoma with a resulting blind spot in the visual field.

Question 48

Strabismus
Striae
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

Answer 48

The condition where binocular fixation is not present, i.e., the fovea line of sight of one eye fails to intersect the object of fixation. Observed as a deviation, one eye one of alignment with the other eye. Sometimes referred to as “squint.” Often due to muscle imbalance and sometimes classified by type, e.g., convergent, divergent, alternating or vertical. Synonyms are squint, cross-eye, and hypertrophic.
Refers to any folds or wrinkles that are observed in the cornea, retina or choroid.
A hemorrhage that occurs when a small vessel bleeds between the conjunctiva and sclera resulting in encapsulated blood. A benign disorder that clears on its own within a week.

Question 49

Symblepharon
Synechia
Trichiasis

Answer 49

The adhesion of one or both of the eyelids to the eyeball. May be partial or complete and often a result of burns.
Any adhesion. In vision, this term usually refers to the adhesions of the iris to the cornea (anterior synechia) or the lens (posterior synechia).
Eyelashes that turn inward and rub against the cornea.

Question 50

Tropia
Tunnel Vision
Urticaria

Answer 50

A type of strabismus. Any obvious deviation from normal of the axis of the eyes. When used with a prefix it denotes the type of strabismus (e.g., hypertrophic, esotropia, exotropia). Refer to phobia.
Vision in which the visual field is constricted. When the visual field becomes constricted to such an extent that only a small area of central visual acuity remains, there is the effect of looking through a tunnel and thus the name. Sometimes called “gun barrel” vision.
Raised itchy, red welts on the skin and commonly referred to as hives. Typically an immune reaction to food or medicine.