Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ophthalmology Pocket Guide > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Drops: Advantages and Disadvantages

A 
Advantages:
     Targeted delivery
     Generally well-tolerated
     Reduced systemic side effects
     Decreased Antibiotic resistance
Disadvantages:
     Local irritation, toxic or allergic reactions
     Some medications not well-absorbed
     Duration in tear film less than 5 minutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ointments: Advantages and Disadvantages

A 
Advantages:
     Increase the contact time
     Soothing to ocular surface
Disadvantages:
     Blurring of vision
     Limited availability of medications in ointment form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Purposes of ocular medications

A

Diagnosis
Treatment of eye diseases
prevention of eye diseases
Prescription often required
Exceptions: (available over the counter)
Artificial tears (lubricating over the counter)
Ocular decongestants (decease eye redness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ocular medications are used to treat

A

Glaucoma
Infections
Other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Possible side effects of ocular medications

A 
Redness
Stinging
Blurred vision
Sensitivity to light
Constriction or dilation of pupil
Allergic reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How to properly use ocular medications

A

Wash your hands
Confirm that the patient is not allergic to the medicine (or preservative for medics, if applicable) that will be applied (review chart, question patient)
Check the expiration date
Shake the container
Tilt the patient’s head back and instruct them to look up
Gently pull the lower lid away from the eye, forming a pouch by the inferior fornix
Place one drop (1/4 to 1/2 inch of ointment) in the pouch; (Note: Do not touch the eye or eyelid with the container or dropper to avoid contamination)
For drops, instruct the patient to close his/her eye and press his/her finger against the inner corner of their eyelid and the side of their nose, in order to prevent the draining away; inform the patient of any possible side effects, e.g., burning, redness
For ointment, instruct the patient to close their eye; inform them to expect their vision to be blurry for a few minutes
Repeat with the other eye if required
Replace the cap or dropper n the bottle or tube and tighten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Topical Anesthetics and Diagnostic Agents

A

Among the most commonly used topical agents in an ophthalmology office
Used for ocular examination and minor procedures
Rapid onset of anesthesia generally last for 20-30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Topical (applied directly to a part of the body) anesthetics

A

May be used once or twice for ocular examination and treatment
Repeated use can damage the epithelium, impair healing, and even result in corneal melting
Patients should never be given topical anesthetic for use at home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dyes for examination of the ocular surface

A

Fluorescein

Lissamine green and rose bengal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fluorescein

A

Applied in the form of a solution or from sterile strips
Renders tear film visible to assess. quality and stability
Aids in applanation tonometry
Stains defects n the corneal and conjunctival epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lissamine green and rose bengal

A

Available as solutions or dye impregnated strips
Similar to fluorescein but stain devitalized cells
Useful in evaluating dry eye conditions
Lissamine green is less irritating than rose bengal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Commonly used anesthetic

A

Generic Name: Cocaine (1%-4%)
Generic name: Proparacaine (arcane, oculi-caine, ophthetic, paracaine) (0.5%)
Generic name: Tetracaine (Pontocaine) (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mydriatics and Cycloplegics

A

Very commonly used
Affect the autonomic innervation of the eyes to produce mydriasis (pupillary dilation) and cycloplegia (paralysis of accommodation)
Facilitate examination and testing
Therapeutic use for relief of photophobia associated with intraocular inflammation
Can induce angle closure, especially in some hyperopes
Check chamber depth before dilating a patient for the first time
Considerable variation in onset and duration based on underlying ocular conditions, age, eye color and other factors
Provide temporary sunglasses to patients
Advise caution with driving or operating machinery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Common Mydriatics and cycloplegics

A

Phenylephrine (AK-dilate, Mydfrin, Neo-synephrine) (2.5%, 10%) (Onset: 30-60 min) (Duration: 3-5 hours)
Tropicamide (Mydriacyl, tropicacyl) (0.5%, 1.0%) (Onset: 20-40 min) (Duration: 4-6 hours)
Cyclopentolate (AK-Pentolate, cyclogyl, calate) (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%) (Onset: 30-60 min)(Duration: 6-24 hours)
Homatropine (Isopto Homatropine) (2%, 5%) (Onset: 30-60 min) (Duration: 3 days)
Scopolamine (Isopto Hyoscine) (0.25%) (Onset:30-60 min) (Duration: 4-7 days)
Atropine (Atropine-care, Isopto Atropine) (1.0%) (Onset: 45-120 min) (Duration: 7-14 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ocular Anti-inflammatory medications

A

Inflammation is associated with infection, trauma, surgery, allergic/toxic reactions, and auto-immune diseases
Pain, redness and photophobia common indications of acute inflammation
Chronic Inflammation can lead to increased intraocular pressure, cataracts, and scarring
Steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
Combined with injectable/systmic meds for severe inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Non steroidal Anti inflammatories (NSAIDs)

A

Non-specific; block specific inflammatory mediators
Reduce redness, photophobia, pain
Side effects; local irritation to the ocular surface/impaired healing
Rarely associated with keratitis and corneal melting

17
Q

Steroids

A

More potent but potentially serious side effects
Increase intraocular pressure, accelerated cataract formation and potentiation of some infections
Anti-microbails often used concurrently
New “designer” steroids less likely to cause side effects

18
Q

Endophthalmitis

A

Rare but serious interocular infection
Associated with recent surgery, injury or immunocompromised individuals
Specimens for culture often obtained in the operating room
Concurrent injection of intraocular antimicrobials
Often requires systemic therapy

19
Q

Corneal ulcers require aggressive therapy

A

Specimens from corneal scraping for cultures/slides for staining
Topical therapy-broad spectrum/specially formulated fortified antibiotics
Compounding pharmacies
Around the clock treatment

20
Q

Treatment or ocular infections due to bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoans

A

More often used for prophylaxis (pre-operative, minor injuries)
Available as solutions, ointment, and as injectable forms
Various mechanisms of action and spectrums of activity
Cultures or slides for identification of the organism may guide therapy
Broad spectrum antibiotics (or combinations) typically institute prior to culture results
Treatment adjusted based on response/laboratory results

21
Q

Miotics

A

Once the mainstay of topical glaucoma therapy, but are now used less frequently
Require frequent dosing and cause pupillary constrictions

22
Q

Combination products

A

Simplify dosing regiment

Actions and side effects related to individual components

23
Q

Anti-Allergy and Dry eye medications

A

Environmental allergies effect approximately 15% of the general population
Systemic medications often ineffective in treating ocular symptoms

24
Q

Mild allergies

A

Artificial tears and cool compresses may suffice

Over the counter medications are available for ocular allergies, as well as prescription medications

25
Q

Moderate to severe allergies

A

Prescription medications
Medications block inflammatory mediators involved in the allergic response
Steroids reserved for severe allergies unresponsive to other therapies
Newer steroids with improved safety now used for allergic eye disease.

26
Q

Dry eyes

A 
Artificial tears
     Preserved or non-preserved
Puntual plugs
Anti-inflammatory medications
Immune modulating medications
27
Q

Mainstay of glaucoma therapy

A

Various mechanisms of action

28
Q

Alpha Agonists

A

Short term use to prevent increased pressure after laser treatment
Long-term use for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma
Side effects; fatigue and other CNS effects; often less bothersome with adaptation

29
Q

Beta Blockers

A

Selective and non-selective formulations
Systemic side effects: slowing of the heart rate, hypotension and exacerbation of asthma
Selective beta blockers may decrease side effects

30
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (CAI)

A

Decrease aqueous production
Systemic or topical
Side effects: GI upset, tingling, and parenthesis and altered taste and smell
Metabolic disturbances and, rarely, bone marrow suppression
Topical use decrease side effects
Avoid in patients with sulfonamide allergies.

31
Q

Prostagladins

A

Effective and convenient
Local hyperemia, itching, and stinging
Darkening of iris and increased peri-ocular pigmentation
Enhanced growth of the lashes
Avoid in patients with a history of iritis or herpetic eye infections.

Ophthalmology Pocket Guide (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions