Terminology Flashcards
abstract noun
- non-continuous/non progressive
eg want/seem/need
accent
phonetics/phonology
the sound of our voice
e.g. welsh, scottish
acronym (lexis)
words that are shortened that formulate another word eg NASA
addition (lexis)
when children add an extra vowel sound to the end of words eg bickie - “biscuit”
adjacency pairs (pragmatics)
unit of conversation
contains 2 part exchange
smallest unit of conversational exchange
(type of turn taking)
adjective
grammar
a word that describes - enhances info
e.g. good, green, tiny
AKA
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
subjective (he/she)
objective (him/her)
possessive (his/hers)
Amelioration
the process by which a words meaning improves or becomes elevated, coming to represent something more favourable than it originally referred to
anadiplosis (grammer)
repetition of word/phrase at end of successive clause
e.g. when WE WIN, WE WIN big
Anaphora
the deliberate repetition of the FIRST part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect
“My life is my purpose, my life is my goal, my life is my inspiration”
(opposite=epistrope)
anaphora (grammer)
repletion of word/phrase at beginning of successive clause
e.g. every day, every night, every way. ill get better
Anaphoric deixis
where the noun in revealed before the pronoun
e.g. there was a large SPIDER, I nearly stepped on IT
anglo saxon
basic, often monosyllabic (old English language)
antonymos (lexis)
word opposites (can link to antithesis) eg sad - happy
archaic (lexis)
words not used anymore
articles (grammar)
only 3:
A and An = indefinite article
The = definite article
aka determiners
assonance (phonetics/phonology)
repeated vowel sounds in a word eg ‘how now brown cow’
Asynchronous (pragmatics)
delayed time
e.g. novels published after being written
asyndeton (lexis)
using few conjunctions
Bald-on record
- no effort is made, to avoid FTA
- very DIRECT
e. g. ‘its cold, close the window’
Blog - GAP OPENIING
- has a expressive and interactional purpose - through informal tone e.g. “..” this familiar vernacular is common of blog genre
- spoken mode, written in context, portraying multi-modality, common of electronic mode
boundary exchanges
Sinclair and Coulthard said teachers often use discourse markers to check understanding and act as frames to move to the next stage of the lesson
broadsheets (graphology)
e. g. Daily Mail
- For middle/upper class
- Serious news stories
- More demands upon reader
- Tend to assume more educated readership
broken discourse (discourse structure)
when a texts structure is disconnected
captions (graphology)
a title/ brief explanation accompanying a drawing/cartoon
cataphoric deixis
where pronoun revealed before the noun
e.g. HE has been working all day, JOHN is very tired
change of location verbs (grammar)
eg put and take (transitive verbs)
- spatial awareness
- children mix up change of state/location/possession verbs*
change of possession verb (grammar)
eg give
children mix up change of state/location/possession verbs
Change of state verbs (grammar)
The verb “make” “create” (transitive verbs)
children mix up change of state/location/possession verbs
Chiasmus (discourse structure)
where words/phrases are repeated or paralleled to create a rhythmic effect
eg you should eat to live, not live to eat
clipping (grammar)
shortening words
e.g. cos instead of because
coercive power (Pragmatics)
a type of practical power that is dependent on fear, suppression of free will and/or use of punishment for its existence
eg manger firing employee
cohesive devices (discourse structure)
a type of discourse markers to signal chronology
eg first, next, after, then
collaborative talk
language used to build close rapport/tenor with speaker/listener
eg minimal response/back channelling devices/interrogatives etc
(GOOD AO1 FOR IDENTITY)
collocation (lexis)
typical phrases that go together
eg knife n fork
bride n groom
Colloquial/ slang
noun = colloquialisms
(lexis)
Informal words/slangs/phrases that are often used in comfortable environments
colour (graphology)
the different colours used in texts
Columnar organisation (graphology)
Column organisation/presence of columns in texts
Comparatives
- Adjectives of comparison
e. g. more, greater, better
complex sentence (grammar)
begin with a conjunction and; the ideas are separated with a clause
eg although she was tall, she couldn’t reach the roof
compound sentence (grammar)
2 simple sentences and ; joining them with a conjunction eg and, so
conjunction (grammar)
words that formulate a link between 2 pairs of a sentence
eg and so for but because yet etc
connotation (lexis)
word associations
eg positive / negative
consonant clusters (phonology)
where 2 or more consonant phonemes gather together without a vowel
eg /sk/ or /sp/
content words
words with semantic value
eg give stick
context bound/dependancy (pragmatics)
language specific to the context that creates a shared knowledge
contraction
grammar
words contracted together to become smaller
e.g. don’t, won’t, wouldn’t
copula verb (grammer)
linking verbs in sentences e.g. ‘is’, in ‘she is great’
covert prestige (grammar)
non standard varieties
declarative (grammar)
statement
declarative mood (grammar)
mainly using declaratives in a text
definite article (determiner) (grammar)
aka determiner
The
( specific )
deictics/deixis (pragmatics)
refers to phrases/words which are context dependant
aka pointing language bc refers to world outside of the text eg this that those his she here
Deixis - 2 types (with aka)
- primary aka exophoric
2. secondary aka endophoric
Deixis - other words
- deictic features
- indexical information
Deixis - primary - 3 types
- person
- spatial
- temporal
Deixis - secondary - 2 types
- anaphoric
2. cataphoric
Deixis -distal
- far from speaker
e.g. then, you, there, that
(that cat)
demonstrative adjectives
before a noun
eg THOSE books are interesting
this/that/these/those
demonstrative pronouns
replace the noun
eg THAT smells delicious
this/that/these/those
denotation (lexis)
definitions of words (dictionary)
Diacope
Repetition of words with intervening words
“Bond, James Bond.”
“Agony. Total agony.”
dialect
lexis
The words and gramme choices we use
diminutives (lexis)
hypocorims with an “ee” sounds
eg baby, sweetie, (child like lexis)
directive speech acts
- Sentences which involve a command
- Can be in the form of declaratives and interrogatives as well as imperatives
D: He washed the dishes
In: Who washed the dishes?
Im: Do the dishes!
directives/ directive sentences (grammar)
sentence types that have an imperative tone - but may not be an imperative
discourse markers (discourse structure)
words used to signpost that what is saids can be followed by the listener/reader
e. g. first, now, so anyway,
- provides speakers with thinking time (like a filler)
DISCOURSE STRUCTURE
how a text is structured overall eg question,answer,problem,narrative
divergence accommodation theory (pragmatics)
occurs when people’s speech styles move further apart
double negative (grammar)
two negative elements in a sentence
e.g. ‘you ain’t done nothing’
dramatic irony (pragmatics)
- When the audience know more than the characters/people involved
e. g. Pantomine’s “he’s behind you” - when we are ‘in on the secret’
dummy auxiliary verb (grammar)
aka dummy operator
eg the verb “do”
dummy auxiliary verbs
aka dummy operator
the verb “do”
dysphemism (lexis)
word/ phrases people use to make something/someone sound negative/bad
eg cement shoes - “death”
egocentric speech (pragmatics)
- children often take part in ES
- involves talking to one self for self guidance (by them self)
- helps with social interaction
elision (phonetics/ phonology)
slurring words together
e.g. gonna instead of going to
ellipsis (grammar)
missing words out of sentences
emboldening (graphology)
making words bold to stand out
enumeration (discourse structure)
when a text is structured sigh bullet points/numbers
eg recipe
Epistrophe
the deliberate repetition of the END part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect
“I will always love YOU
“The word will always bless YOU
“Gods will always praise YOU”
Epizeuxis
Repetition of words in immediate succession
“pretty, pretty good”
“oh horror, horror!”
ethos (pragmatics)
language where the speaker is: fair, considerate, knowledgeable and trustworthy
etymology
a words origin, history and journey
euphemism (lexis)
polite terms, less harsh
eg dead = passed away
exophoric reference
reference in a text to something external to it
expressive (pragmatics)
showing emotions eg heated arguments
false stars (discourse structure)
reformulating sentences - when speaking spontaneously
filler (lexis)
Items which do not carry conventional meaning, but are inserted in speech to allow time to think, to pause
e.g. er, um, ah, like
finite verbs
they show: tense, person and number
fricative
phonetics/ phonology
‘th’ - dental fricative
‘f’ ‘v’ - labiodental fricatives
function words
words with no semantic value
eg GIVE stick
g-dropping (phonetics/ phonology)
missing the ‘g’ (or any other letter)
phoneme off the ends of utterances
Generalisation
aka extension/broadening
- the use of a word in a broader realm of meaning than it originally possessed, often referring to all items in a class, rather than one specific item
glottal stop (phonetics/ phonology)
when the ‘t’ is dropped off words
e.g. butter -> bu”er
GRAMMAR
morphology; word formation and syntax (order and structure with in the larger units of phrases, clauses and sentences)
graphemes (graphology)
a letter of the alphabet, mark of punctuation or any other symbol in a text
GRAPHOLOGY
the visual aspects of text design and appearance
headlines (graphology)
a heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine
hedging (lexis)
mitigating language to soften the force of a sentence eg “kind of”
homographs (phonology)
2 words with same spelling but diff meaning
eg bow, bow
(tie/curtsie)
Homonyms - 2 types
1) homophones
2) homographs
homophones (phonetics/phonology)
what we call words with the same sound, but different meaning
honorifics (pragmatics)
using a title to address someone
e.g. sir, madam, ladies, gentlemen
hyperbole (pragmatics)
exaggerating language
e.g. huge amount
hyperbolic language (pragmatics)
use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device - depends on context
Hypernym
A word that refers to broad categories of general concepts
eg dog is hypernym for type of breeds
GENERAL
hypocorism
pragmatics
- an informal way of addressing someone
- using nicknames/ terms of endearment
e. g. saying han for hannah, love, sweetie, mate
Hyponym
A word that describes things more specifically
eg proper nouns - Niagra Falls for waterfall
SPECIFIC
Hyponymy
study of hypernyms and hyponyms
ideographs
- virtue words like abstract nouns
eg nobility/loyalty/freedom/hope/justice
often found in speeches
idiom (lexis)
familiar metaphorical expressions
a type of collocation
e.g. its raining cats and dogs
Idolect
lexis
Our distinctive and individual style of speaking
illustrations (graphology)
drawings in text
Imperative (grammar)
A demanding word
Implicature (pragmatics)
- implied meaning arises through flouting a maxim
e. g. “Im cold” -> shut the window - we use implicatures to avoid face threatening acts by using off the record language
in medias res (discourse structure)
starting in middle of stories action (typical of short story genre)
indefinite articles (determiner) (grammar)
A / An
vague
infinitive marker
before a base form verb
eg I want TO EAT some chocolate
Influential power - 2 types (Pragmatics)
1) knowledge and ideas
2) personal
Informatives
A sentence type that teachers use in their discourse
e. g. “The capital of France is Paris”
- In the form of declarative sentence
Instrumental power - 2 types (Pragmatics)
1) practical power
2) position power
intensifier (grammar)
an adverb used to ...emphasis eg “that’s really good” (adverb of high degree”) ...or mitigate eg “it’s quite good” (low degree)
interactional (pragmatics)
talking for social purposes eg friends in cafe
interrogative (grammar)
a question
interrogative pronouns (grammar)
pronouns to form questions
eg what
Intertextuality (DS/Pragmatics)
- The way in which texts gain meaning through their referencing or recall of other texts
- It’s essential where one text influences another
e. g. Shrek - all the characters
Intertextuality - 6 types (DS/Pragmatics)
- quotation
- plagiarism
- allusion
- translation
- parody
- pastiche
Intertextuality: Allusion (DS/Pragmatics)
- A reference to something well known e.g. person, place, event, music (NOT ILLUSION)
EG: ‘don’t be a scrooge’ - allusion to the character Scrooge from Christmas Carol
Intertextuality: Parody (DS/Pragmatics)
- A type of intertextuality that mocks another text
- Purpose = comic value, thus creates humour
Intertextuality: Pastiche (DS/Pragmatics)
- A work of visual art, literature, theatre or musics that imitates the style of character of the work of one or more artists
EG Twilight: lots of vampire pastiche stories influence by Meyer - Not parody as has no ‘comic effect’
- Not allusion bc based on imitation, not ‘reference’
Intertextuality: Plagiarism (DS/Pragmatics)
- When a writer will use or very closely copy/imitate the language/work of others without citing of quoting them, thus claiming it as their own work
Intertextuality: Quotation (DS/Pragmatics)
- The repetition of one expression as part of another one.
- Common in newspapers
Intertextuality: Why do texts use allusion (DS/Pragmatics)
- Creates shared understanding
- Make meaningful connections between other texts
- Provides new and insightful connections with character
- More depth to a text
Intertextuality: Why do texts use parody (DS/Pragmatics)
- Parodies inject humour into a text
- Create shard understanding
- Texts often parody known texts
- Helps instant recognition
- Potential to go viral
Intertextuality: Why do texts use pastiche (DS/Pragmatics)
- To celebrate great works of the past
- To create a varied form of something successful
- Shared knowledge
Intransitive verbs (grammar)
Verbs which do not require objects
eg she was eating
Irony - 2 types (pragmatics)
- Situational
- Verbal
- Dramatic
Language - 3 types
- Anglo saxon
- French
- Latinate
lexical ambiguity (lexis)
where a word/phrase has more than one meaning in one given context
lexical choice (lexis)
another word for ‘word’
LEXIS
vocab system of english and our word choices
Link between sarcasm and verbal irony (pragmatics)
ALL SARCASM IS VERBAL IRONY BUT NOT ALL VERBAL IRONY IS SARCASM
- if mockery is present = sarcasm
logo (graphology)
a symbol/small design adopted by an organisation to identify its product
logogram (graphology)
the symbol ‘x’ on a text message = kiss
logos (pragmatics)
language that is based on reasoned arguments, helps to convince the reader of the logic of topic
marked terms (lexis)
to form a word that stands out from the norm eg priestess, lioness, governess
Masthead (graphology)
Name of a newspaper, magazine or webpage
metonymy
type of subtle metaphor
eg “give you a hand” - offers help
metonymy (pragmatics)
- a type of subtle metaphor
- “give you a hand” (offers text)
minimal responses (discourse structure)
“mm” “yeah”
words to show listener is listening
minor sentence / elliptical structures
grammar
Where a word is missed out in a sentence e.g. going to shop vs. i am going to the shop
mitigated imperative (grammer)
a syntactically disguised imperative
hidden imperatives
e.g. via a conditional
“I wonder if you could help me”
modal auxiliary verb: deontic modality
Concerning obligation and permission
e.g.
You MUST not do that
You CAN leave now
Modal auxiliary verb: epistemic modality
- Different levels of probability/possibility
e.g.
He MUST be about arrive
It MAY snow today
Modal auxiliary verbs - 10
- Could
- Can
- Would
- Ought
- Should
- Shall
- Will
- Might
- May
- Must
Modal auxiliary: dynamic modality (grammar)
Concerning ability
e.g.
I COULD swim when I was 5
It CAN rain a lot in April around here
Modal auxililary verb: Boulomaic modality
Expresses wish and desire
e.g.
She WOULD rather stay at home
He WILL not accept the truth
Mode - 2 types
- written
- spoken
- electronic
modifier (grammar)
includes an umbrella term for adverbs and adjectives
multimodal (graphology)
those that combine words, image and sound to produce meaning
eg story book 4 kids
near close near back vowel (phonology)
the vowel (ʊ) - suggest vowel accent
near-close near-back vowel
the vowel ʊ͍
suggests northern accent
negative face
- the need to be imposed upon
e. g. ‘ no one has the right to tell me what to do ‘
negative interrogatives (grammar)
often provide implicatures to suggest what someone should do/know eg “should you NOT check with her first”
negative politeness
- not imposing upon others
- showing respect: over the top politeness
- e.g. -‘excuse me could you please tell me the time?’
Neologism (lexis)
New words that enter the language
Neutral phatic tokens
- refers to context/general affairs
“Lovely flowers”
non standard contractions
grammar
contractions which are grammatically inaccurate
e.g. ‘don’t’ in the phrase ‘he don’t want any cake’ or ‘ain’t’
non standard english (grammar)
not conforming in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary
often used in informal or spontaneous situations with familiar speakers
non-finte verbs
- verb forms which do not show: tense, person or number
- usually these are infinitive forms
eg “to wake” in “she tiptoed not TO WAKE her mum”
non-fluency features (discourse structure)
interruptions, overlaps, false starts and fillers (umbrella term)
non-syntactic (grammar)
another word for ‘non standard’ but specifically related to sentence construction
noun (grammar)
a person place or thing
e.g. the queen london table
off record politeness
- indirect request
- e.g. ‘wow its cold out here’ (lets go inside)
‘opt out’
- say nothing
- want to pet strangers dog, but just walks away
orthography
spellings
Other oriented phatic tokens
- related to the hearer
“Do you work here?”
overextension (lexis)
where a child over applies a word’s category
eg calling all animals ‘dogs’
overt prestige (grammar)
the standard form
regarded as “correct form” of speaking
para language (pragmatic)
related to body language - use of gestures, facial expression and other non verbal elements
e.g. laughter = adds meaning to speaker beyond words
Parenthetical phrase
- Can alter semantic value of an utterance
- Either asserting it more strongly or weakly
e. g. “I know that..” “I think that…”
pathos (pragmatics)
language that works on the emotions of the audience
Pejoration
the process by which a word’s meaning worsens or degenerates, coming to represent something less favourable than it originally did
person deixis
based on socio-axes
e.g. I ,you, Sarah, John
personal identity (pragmatics)
about the self and how we have individual identities that evolve over the course of our lives
eg our job/situations
(relate idiolect patterns to PI)
personal power (Pragmatics)
using power to influence people through personality, nuture and a caring nature
eg father over son, 2 sisters
phatic communication (pragmatics)
small talk eg the weathers
phatic tokens (discourse structure)
ways of showing situations by orienting comments to:
- one self
- others
- general
phoneme (phonology)
individual unit of sound
more phonemes then letters
PHONOLOGY/PHONETICS
the sound system
plosive (phonology)
what children master first
- denoting a consonant that is produced by stopping the air flow using lips /teeth followed by a sudden release of air
politeness (pragmatics)
behaviour that is respectful and considerate to others eg please
political power (Pragmatics)
a type of knowledge power that exerts knowledge surrounding political and government
polysemy (lexis)
when ambiguity arises from having many possible meanings for a word
eg mole = animal and on skin
polysyndeton (grammar)
when a lot of conjunctions are used with no commas eg and it’s dark and it was raining and no lights in the streets
portmanteau (phonology)
blend words
eg smog - smoke and fog
position power (Pragmatics)
power gained through position, often in higherarchy
eg headteacher over teachers
aka higherarchal power
positive face
- the need to be liked and admired
e. g. ‘ I want my contributions to be valued and admired ‘
positive politeness
- the desire to be liked and appreciated
- used when power balance is equal
e. g. boss 2 low status ‘call me Fred’
Positive reinforcements
- Expressives used to describe phrases like
“Very good” “Well done” - Often called TEACHER TALK
Power: knowledge and ideas power (Pragmatics)
using knowledge and ideas to influence others
eg lecturer over students/ doctor over medical students
Power: legitimate power (Pragmatics)
a type of position power where a person has the formal right to make demands and to expect compliance and obedience from others
eg police over public
Power: pratical (Pragmatics)
power through physical actions, violence, skill, money, goods or services
eg shop manager over customers
PRAGMATICS
implied meaning of english and how language use creates meaning in different contexts
pre closing valediction (discourse structure)
phrases that signal the end of a conversation is near
allows any remaining things to be discussed
eg best be going
preposition
grammar
shows relationship between subject and object - the location
e.g. on, under, into
present perfect continuous tense (grammer)
unspecified tense time ‘now’
e.g. I am having a good time
presupposition (pragmatics)
linguistic term for ‘assumption”
- implied meaning/implicature
prosodic features/ prosody
phonetics/ phonology
includes features
e. g. stress, volume, rhythm, pitch, tempo
- used by speakers to mark out key meanings in a message
- HOW something is said
proto words (lexis)
neologised words that children use consistently
proximal deixis
- close to speaker
e.g. this, here, I, now
(this cat)
pun (lexis)
aka paronomasia
the play on words
Purposes of a text ( written) - 4 types
- entertain
- instruct
- persuade
- inform
Purposes of a text (spoken) - 5 types
- transactional
- referential
- interactional
- phatic talk
- expressive
(TRIPE)
quotatives (discourse structure)
when telling anecdotes/stories often use these
eg “i was like” “she went” “so i go”
rapport
building a relationship/closer tenor with others
recasting (lexis)
where caregivers repeat words in an accurate way to educate children about the standard form
received pronunciation
phonetics/ phonology
the ‘educated’ and ‘proper’ way of speaking
e.g. the queen -> ‘typical british’
referent power (Pragmatics)
the result of a persons worthiness and RESPECT from others
eg celebrities
referential purpose (pragmatics)
info giving (spoken) eg teacher to class
regional variation (phonology/lexis/grammar)
our accent and dialect choices
relative clauses (grammar)
a type of subordinate clause which uses: who,that,which eg anna, who is eleven, went shopping
rhotacism (phonetics/phonology)
(rhotic pronunciation)
- exaggerate the /r/ phoneme
sarcasm (pragmatics)
use of irony to mock/convey
schwa (phonetics/phonology)
unstressed central vowel
Self oriented phatic tokens
- personal to speaker
“I’m not up for this”
semantic field (lexis)
words related to a certain subject
semiotics (graphology)
the study of signs and symbols
and their use of interpretation
shared knowledge
pragmatics
insider knowledge and references. where both parties understand
sibilance (phonetics/phonology)
strongly stressed consonants created deliberately
simile
pragmatics
saying something is ‘as’ or ‘like’
simple sentence (grammar)
contains 1 piece of info - makes sense of their own (clauses)
Situational irony (pragmatics)
- involves a situation in which actions have an effect that is the opposite from what was intended
- outcome is contrary to what we expected
e. g. firestation gets burnt down
social identity (pragmatics)
how we identify ourselves in a particular society
eg religions, ethnic groups, classes, genders, social class, family
[ this identity through group membership ]
socio dramatic play (pragmatics)
- children play together using role play bc its enjoyable practises social interaction/negotiation skills
- players role often decided as they play
- begins 3/4 yo
Sociolect (lexis)
The language used by a social group e.g. family, football fans, young
People use different sociolect on their group to fit in
This creates a GROUP MEMBERSHIP and SOCIAL IDENTITY
spatial deixis
based on spatio-axes
e.g. this, that, here, there
speech organs (phonology)
produce the sounds of language
eg lips ,teeth ,parts of the tongue
spoonerism (phonology)
- mixing sounds in words
- common of the spoken mode
eg flock of bats for a block of flats
standard english
grammar
the form of english accepted as the ‘correct’ usage
Subtext (pragmatics)
- means same as implicature
- refers to hidden meaning in text
e. g. “Do you have any cash on you” - speaker doesn’t want a Yes or No response
- The subtext/implicature is “I want some money”
Superlatives
- Adjectives ending in -st
e. g. most, greatest, biggest
synchronous (pragmatics)
immediate time
e.g. conversation right now
Synonym
lexis
Different words with the same meaning
syntactic parallelism (grammer)
- reversion in adjacent clauses
2 forms: anaphora and anadiplosis
syntax (grammar)
word order
synthetic personalisation -
- what is it
- whose the researcher
- what did he say (grammar)
when a large audience are addressed using the second person pronoun “you”
researcher FAIRCLOUGH
says this helps to create power balance
Tabloids (graphology)
e. g. The sun
- For working-class readership
- Lightweight: sport, tv, celebrities
- Shorter and easier to read
- Photography
Taboo / expletives
lexis
A linguistic term for swearing
Taboo/Expletive
other names for swear words
Tag questions:
- Addressee-oriented
Affective Softener: mitigates force of what could be an impolite demand e.g. “Open the door for me, COULD YOU?”
Affective Facilitative: invites listener to comment e.g. “He’s a good artist, ISN’T HE?”
Tag questions:
- Holmes findings
- found tag questions were used by both men and women
- contradicts Lakoff’s deficit model
- women use: facilitative tags
- men use: epistemic modal tags
- supports Fishman’s theory that women carry out the “interactional Shiftwork” in conversation
Tag questions:
- Speaker-oriented
- Epistemic modal: request information or confirmation when speaker in uncertain e.g. “you’ve been in Tenbury, for longer than that, HAVEN’T YOU?”
- Challenging: confrontational e.g. “this is your last chance, OK?”
Tag questions:
- who
- what
- Holmes
- Speaker-oriented (epistemic modal and challenging modal tags)
and - Addressee-oriented (affective: softener and facilitative tags)
Technical jargon/ specialist lexis
lexis
Subject specific words
temporal deixis
based on times axes
e.g. now, today, yesterday
tenor (pragmatics)
the relationship between speaker/hearer or text producer/ text receiver
the infinitive (pragmatics)
the basic form of the verb without any inflection
eg to dance, to sing
Theory: accommodation (pragmatics)
- when we adjust our speech to ‘accommodate’ the person we are addressing
- convergence; moving our speech closer to other person
- divergence; moving speech further apart
Theory: Brown and Levinson 4 politeness strategies
- positive politeness
- negative politeness
- off-record
- bald on-record
Theory: Coates (2004)
- back-channeling devices like minimal response e.g. “yeah” “mm” “I know” are more common is women discourse to reflect collaborative communication and support
Theory: convergence accommodation theory (pragmatics)
when we move our speech closer to that of the person
Theory: Eckert and McConnell-Ginet
- where we see collaborative talk, these researchers refer to this as a “community of practise”, which can be linked to “group membership”
Theory: Fang (2008)
- said minimal responses are back-channeling used to encourage speakers in conversation and demonstrate the hearer is listening
Theory: Grice maxims flouted?
when break a maxim so that it is obvious to all those involved
CREATES IMPLICATURE
Theory: Grice maxims violated?
when break a maxim and people DO NOT KNOW
e.g. quality: we lie and listener not aware
Theory: Grice’s Manner maxim
- avoid obscurity
- avoid ambiguity
- be brief and orderly
e. g. not getting too point
Theory: Grice’s Quality maxim
- contributed only what you know to be true
- don’t say false things
- dont say if lack evidence
e. g. saying you’ve got bread when haven’t
Theory: Grices relevance maxim
- make contribution relevant
e. g. talking about dogs then switches to books
Theory: Janet Holmes
- said pragmatic particle “y’know” often creates positive politeness and solidarity in spoken discourse
Theory: Labov
- looked at oral narratives, said story-telling discourse involves the following:
- Orientation (establishing context)
- Action (describing event of story)
- Evaluation (assessing the story- often through hyperbole/prosodic features)
- Coda (bringing story back to point/ending)
Theory: Sinclair and Coulthard said teacher talk serves three main functions, what are they?
- Informatives
- Directives
- Elicitation
Theory: Sinclair and Coulthard: elicitaions
- said this is when a teacher poses a question, a pupil will reply and the teacher gives feedback
Theory: what did Fairclough say about Unequal Encounters (Pragmatics)
- he believes language use helps to powerfully create and reinforce hierarchy of power relationships
- FC suggests that few conversations are an “equal encounter” - he feels there is a “power struggle”
- can be contradicted eg group of friends
- whenever we communicate we unconsciously select an appropriate register which reflects our status
Theory: What is it when ‘face’ is threatened
- refer to it as ‘face threatening acts’ (FTAS)
- acts that run contrary to the face wants of the addressee
(Goffman)
Theory: What is the concept of ‘face’
essentially our self esteem in social interactions with others - try to preserve face - instead of threatening it - show respect and solidarity (Goffman)
Theory: Who are the discoverers of the concept of ‘face’ (Politeness Theory)
Goffman, then extended by Brown and Levinson, who also created “politeness”
Theory: Who came up with accommodation theory (pragmatics)
Howard Giles
Theory: Who discovered the maxims
- H.P Grice
- successful communication
- quantity, quality, relevance, manner
Theory: Who is the theorist of unequal encounters (Pragmatics)
Fairclough
Theory: Who looked into teacher talk and the IRF model
Sinclair and Coulthard
Theory: Who said ‘these 3 components establish key types of persuasion’
Aristotle
- ethos, pathos, logos
- create persuasion
Theory: Whose Peter Trudghill (grammar)
the researcher behind covert and overt prestige
said that women tend to adopt more overt and men covert
Theory: Why does politeness strategies involve balance
- bc if clear and direct = may challenge face by making them feel as if you are telling them what to do
- if try to protect face needs = too indirect may be unclear to be understood
third category of deixis
distance
- distal
- proximal
transactional purpose (pragmatics)
getting something done (more formalised) eg business meeting
Transitive verbs (grammar)
Verbs used with objects
eg she was devouring the sandwich
turn taking (discourse structure)
in a conversation
when 2 people are talking one after another fluently with no silence in between
typeface (font)
aka typography; the different types of font used
typography (graphology)
fontsize, colour, emboldening, italicising, underlining
Any modification to font types
un marked terms (lexis)
the normal/neutral form of a word. most unmarked terms are considered male eg priest, lion, governor
unmitigated imperatives (grammar)
direct instruction
utterance
A spoken sentence
valediction (discourse structure)
action of saying “bye” and making a statement of farewell
variant orthography (graphology)
deliberately using non-standard spelling to meet a certain purpose/audience/genre
spelling “love” as “luv”
verb
grammar
a word used to describe action, state, occurrence
e.g. run ,dancing ,are ,was ,is
verbal irony (pragmatics)
- When words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean (often sarcastic)
e. g. mum to messy sons room: “wow you should get an award for cleanliness”
vernacular (lexis)
style of language we adopt in a certain situation
virtuous error/generalisation(grammar)
these are “mistakes” children make whilst acquiring the language
eg saying “mouses” instead of “mice”
what verb do teachers use often in directives
- Modal auxiliary verbs due to their formality and indirect associations
white space (graphology)
the portion of a page left unmarked
eg margins, gutters, space between columns
malapropism
mistaking collocation/words for effect
eg “look at the world through bright-green coloured glass” rather than “rose-tinted glass”
