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Terminology Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

abstract noun

A
  • non-continuous/non progressive

eg want/seem/need

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2
Q

accent

phonetics/phonology

A

the sound of our voice

e.g. welsh, scottish

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3
Q

acronym (lexis)

A

words that are shortened that formulate another word eg NASA

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4
Q

addition (lexis)

A

when children add an extra vowel sound to the end of words eg bickie - “biscuit”

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5
Q

adjacency pairs (pragmatics)

A

unit of conversation
contains 2 part exchange
smallest unit of conversational exchange
(type of turn taking)

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6
Q

adjective

grammar

A

a word that describes - enhances info

e.g. good, green, tiny

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7
Q

AKA
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive

A

subjective (he/she)
objective (him/her)
possessive (his/hers)

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8
Q

Amelioration

A

the process by which a words meaning improves or becomes elevated, coming to represent something more favourable than it originally referred to

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9
Q

anadiplosis (grammer)

A

repetition of word/phrase at end of successive clause

e.g. when WE WIN, WE WIN big

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10
Q

Anaphora

A

the deliberate repetition of the FIRST part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect
“My life is my purpose, my life is my goal, my life is my inspiration”
(opposite=epistrope)

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11
Q

anaphora (grammer)

A

repletion of word/phrase at beginning of successive clause

e.g. every day, every night, every way. ill get better

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12
Q

Anaphoric deixis

A

where the noun in revealed before the pronoun

e.g. there was a large SPIDER, I nearly stepped on IT

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13
Q

anglo saxon

A

basic, often monosyllabic (old English language)

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14
Q

antonymos (lexis)

A 
word opposites (can link to antithesis)
eg sad - happy
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15
Q

archaic (lexis)

A

words not used anymore

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16
Q

articles (grammar)

A

only 3:
A and An = indefinite article
The = definite article
aka determiners

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17
Q

assonance (phonetics/phonology)

A

repeated vowel sounds in a word eg ‘how now brown cow’

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18
Q

Asynchronous (pragmatics)

A

delayed time

e.g. novels published after being written

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19
Q

asyndeton (lexis)

A

using few conjunctions

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20
Q

Bald-on record

A
  • no effort is made, to avoid FTA
  • very DIRECT
    e. g. ‘its cold, close the window’
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21
Q

Blog - GAP OPENIING

A
  • has a expressive and interactional purpose - through informal tone e.g. “..” this familiar vernacular is common of blog genre
  • spoken mode, written in context, portraying multi-modality, common of electronic mode
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22
Q

boundary exchanges

A

Sinclair and Coulthard said teachers often use discourse markers to check understanding and act as frames to move to the next stage of the lesson

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23
Q

broadsheets (graphology)

A

e. g. Daily Mail
- For middle/upper class
- Serious news stories
- More demands upon reader
- Tend to assume more educated readership

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24
Q

broken discourse (discourse structure)

A

when a texts structure is disconnected

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25
Q

captions (graphology)

A

a title/ brief explanation accompanying a drawing/cartoon

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26
Q

cataphoric deixis

A

where pronoun revealed before the noun

e.g. HE has been working all day, JOHN is very tired

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27
Q

change of location verbs (grammar)

A

eg put and take (transitive verbs)

  • spatial awareness
  • children mix up change of state/location/possession verbs*
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28
Q

change of possession verb (grammar)

A

eg give

children mix up change of state/location/possession verbs

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29
Q

Change of state verbs (grammar)

A

The verb “make” “create” (transitive verbs)

children mix up change of state/location/possession verbs

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30
Q

Chiasmus (discourse structure)

A

where words/phrases are repeated or paralleled to create a rhythmic effect
eg you should eat to live, not live to eat

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31
Q

clipping (grammar)

A

shortening words

e.g. cos instead of because

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32
Q

coercive power (Pragmatics)

A

a type of practical power that is dependent on fear, suppression of free will and/or use of punishment for its existence
eg manger firing employee

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33
Q

cohesive devices (discourse structure)

A

a type of discourse markers to signal chronology

eg first, next, after, then

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34
Q

collaborative talk

A

language used to build close rapport/tenor with speaker/listener
eg minimal response/back channelling devices/interrogatives etc
(GOOD AO1 FOR IDENTITY)

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35
Q

collocation (lexis)

A

typical phrases that go together
eg knife n fork
bride n groom

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36
Q

Colloquial/ slang
noun = colloquialisms
(lexis)

A

Informal words/slangs/phrases that are often used in comfortable environments

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37
Q

colour (graphology)

A

the different colours used in texts

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38
Q

Columnar organisation (graphology)

A

Column organisation/presence of columns in texts

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39
Q

Comparatives

A
  • Adjectives of comparison

e. g. more, greater, better

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40
Q

complex sentence (grammar)

A

begin with a conjunction and; the ideas are separated with a clause
eg although she was tall, she couldn’t reach the roof

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41
Q

compound sentence (grammar)

A

2 simple sentences and ; joining them with a conjunction eg and, so

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42
Q

conjunction (grammar)

A

words that formulate a link between 2 pairs of a sentence

eg and so for but because yet etc

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43
Q

connotation (lexis)

A

word associations

eg positive / negative

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44
Q

consonant clusters (phonology)

A

where 2 or more consonant phonemes gather together without a vowel
eg /sk/ or /sp/

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45
Q

content words

A

words with semantic value

eg give stick

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46
Q

context bound/dependancy (pragmatics)

A

language specific to the context that creates a shared knowledge

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47
Q

contraction

grammar

A

words contracted together to become smaller

e.g. don’t, won’t, wouldn’t

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48
Q

copula verb (grammer)

A

linking verbs in sentences e.g. ‘is’, in ‘she is great’

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49
Q

covert prestige (grammar)

A

non standard varieties

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50
Q

declarative (grammar)

A

statement

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51
Q

declarative mood (grammar)

A

mainly using declaratives in a text

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52
Q 
definite article (determiner)
(grammar)
A

aka determiner
The
( specific )

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53
Q

deictics/deixis (pragmatics)

A

refers to phrases/words which are context dependant

aka pointing language bc refers to world outside of the text eg this that those his she here

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54
Q

Deixis - 2 types (with aka)

A
  1. primary aka exophoric

2. secondary aka endophoric

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55
Q

Deixis - other words

A
  • deictic features

- indexical information

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56
Q

Deixis - primary - 3 types

A
  1. person
  2. spatial
  3. temporal
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57
Q

Deixis - secondary - 2 types

A
  1. anaphoric

2. cataphoric

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58
Q

Deixis -distal

A
  • far from speaker
    e.g. then, you, there, that
    (that cat)
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59
Q

demonstrative adjectives

A

before a noun
eg THOSE books are interesting
this/that/these/those

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60
Q

demonstrative pronouns

A

replace the noun
eg THAT smells delicious
this/that/these/those

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61
Q

denotation (lexis)

A

definitions of words (dictionary)

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62
Q

Diacope

A

Repetition of words with intervening words
“Bond, James Bond.”
“Agony. Total agony.”

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63
Q

dialect

lexis

A

The words and gramme choices we use

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64
Q

diminutives (lexis)

A

hypocorims with an “ee” sounds

eg baby, sweetie, (child like lexis)

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65
Q

directive speech acts

A
  • Sentences which involve a command
  • Can be in the form of declaratives and interrogatives as well as imperatives
    D: He washed the dishes
    In: Who washed the dishes?
    Im: Do the dishes!
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66
Q

directives/ directive sentences (grammar)

A

sentence types that have an imperative tone - but may not be an imperative

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67
Q 
discourse markers 
(discourse structure)
A

words used to signpost that what is saids can be followed by the listener/reader

e. g. first, now, so anyway,
- provides speakers with thinking time (like a filler)

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68
Q

DISCOURSE STRUCTURE

A

how a text is structured overall eg question,answer,problem,narrative

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69
Q

divergence accommodation theory (pragmatics)

A

occurs when people’s speech styles move further apart

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70
Q

double negative (grammar)

A

two negative elements in a sentence

e.g. ‘you ain’t done nothing’

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71
Q

dramatic irony (pragmatics)

A
  • When the audience know more than the characters/people involved
    e. g. Pantomine’s “he’s behind you”
  • when we are ‘in on the secret’
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72
Q

dummy auxiliary verb (grammar)

A

aka dummy operator

eg the verb “do”

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73
Q

dummy auxiliary verbs

A

aka dummy operator

the verb “do”

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74
Q

dysphemism (lexis)

A

word/ phrases people use to make something/someone sound negative/bad
eg cement shoes - “death”

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75
Q

egocentric speech (pragmatics)

A
  • children often take part in ES
  • involves talking to one self for self guidance (by them self)
  • helps with social interaction
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76
Q

elision (phonetics/ phonology)

A

slurring words together

e.g. gonna instead of going to

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77
Q

ellipsis (grammar)

A

missing words out of sentences

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78
Q

emboldening (graphology)

A

making words bold to stand out

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79
Q

enumeration (discourse structure)

A

when a text is structured sigh bullet points/numbers

eg recipe

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80
Q

Epistrophe

A

the deliberate repetition of the END part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect
“I will always love YOU
“The word will always bless YOU
“Gods will always praise YOU”

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81
Q

Epizeuxis

A

Repetition of words in immediate succession
“pretty, pretty good”
“oh horror, horror!”

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82
Q

ethos (pragmatics)

A

language where the speaker is: fair, considerate, knowledgeable and trustworthy

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83
Q

etymology

A

a words origin, history and journey

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84
Q

euphemism (lexis)

A

polite terms, less harsh

eg dead = passed away

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85
Q

exophoric reference

A

reference in a text to something external to it

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86
Q

expressive (pragmatics)

A

showing emotions eg heated arguments

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87
Q

false stars (discourse structure)

A

reformulating sentences - when speaking spontaneously

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88
Q

filler (lexis)

A

Items which do not carry conventional meaning, but are inserted in speech to allow time to think, to pause
e.g. er, um, ah, like

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89
Q

finite verbs

A

they show: tense, person and number

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90
Q

fricative

phonetics/ phonology

A

‘th’ - dental fricative

‘f’ ‘v’ - labiodental fricatives

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91
Q

function words

A

words with no semantic value

eg GIVE stick

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92
Q

g-dropping (phonetics/ phonology)

A

missing the ‘g’ (or any other letter)

phoneme off the ends of utterances

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93
Q

Generalisation

A

aka extension/broadening
- the use of a word in a broader realm of meaning than it originally possessed, often referring to all items in a class, rather than one specific item

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94
Q

glottal stop (phonetics/ phonology)

A

when the ‘t’ is dropped off words

e.g. butter -> bu”er

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95
Q

GRAMMAR

A

morphology; word formation and syntax (order and structure with in the larger units of phrases, clauses and sentences)

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96
Q

graphemes (graphology)

A

a letter of the alphabet, mark of punctuation or any other symbol in a text

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97
Q

GRAPHOLOGY

A

the visual aspects of text design and appearance

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98
Q

headlines (graphology)

A

a heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine

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99
Q

hedging (lexis)

A

mitigating language to soften the force of a sentence eg “kind of”

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100
Q

homographs (phonology)

A

2 words with same spelling but diff meaning
eg bow, bow
(tie/curtsie)

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101
Q

Homonyms - 2 types

A

1) homophones

2) homographs

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102
Q

homophones (phonetics/phonology)

A

what we call words with the same sound, but different meaning

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103
Q

honorifics (pragmatics)

A

using a title to address someone

e.g. sir, madam, ladies, gentlemen

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104
Q

hyperbole (pragmatics)

A

exaggerating language

e.g. huge amount

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105
Q

hyperbolic language (pragmatics)

A

use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device - depends on context

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106
Q

Hypernym

A

A word that refers to broad categories of general concepts
eg dog is hypernym for type of breeds
GENERAL

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107
Q

hypocorism

pragmatics

A
  • an informal way of addressing someone
  • using nicknames/ terms of endearment
    e. g. saying han for hannah, love, sweetie, mate
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108
Q

Hyponym

A

A word that describes things more specifically
eg proper nouns - Niagra Falls for waterfall
SPECIFIC

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109
Q

Hyponymy

A

study of hypernyms and hyponyms

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110
Q

ideographs

A
  • virtue words like abstract nouns
    eg nobility/loyalty/freedom/hope/justice
    often found in speeches
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111
Q

idiom (lexis)

A

familiar metaphorical expressions
a type of collocation
e.g. its raining cats and dogs

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112
Q

Idolect

lexis

A

Our distinctive and individual style of speaking

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113
Q

illustrations (graphology)

A

drawings in text

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114
Q

Imperative (grammar)

A

A demanding word

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115
Q

Implicature (pragmatics)

A
  • implied meaning arises through flouting a maxim
    e. g. “Im cold” -> shut the window
  • we use implicatures to avoid face threatening acts by using off the record language
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116
Q

in medias res (discourse structure)

A

starting in middle of stories action (typical of short story genre)

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117
Q 
indefinite articles (determiner)
(grammar)
A

A / An

vague

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118
Q

infinitive marker

A

before a base form verb

eg I want TO EAT some chocolate

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119
Q

Influential power - 2 types (Pragmatics)

A

1) knowledge and ideas

2) personal

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120
Q

Informatives

A

A sentence type that teachers use in their discourse

e. g. “The capital of France is Paris”
- In the form of declarative sentence

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121
Q

Instrumental power - 2 types (Pragmatics)

A

1) practical power

2) position power

122
Q

intensifier (grammar)

A 
an adverb used to 
...emphasis 
eg 
“that’s really good” (adverb of high degree”)
...or mitigate 
eg
“it’s quite good” (low degree)
123
Q

interactional (pragmatics)

A

talking for social purposes eg friends in cafe

124
Q

interrogative (grammar)

A

a question

125
Q

interrogative pronouns (grammar)

A

pronouns to form questions

eg what

126
Q

Intertextuality (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  • The way in which texts gain meaning through their referencing or recall of other texts
  • It’s essential where one text influences another
    e. g. Shrek - all the characters
127
Q

Intertextuality - 6 types (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  1. quotation
  2. plagiarism
  3. allusion
  4. translation
  5. parody
  6. pastiche
128
Q

Intertextuality: Allusion (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  • A reference to something well known e.g. person, place, event, music (NOT ILLUSION)
    EG: ‘don’t be a scrooge’ - allusion to the character Scrooge from Christmas Carol
129
Q

Intertextuality: Parody (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  • A type of intertextuality that mocks another text

- Purpose = comic value, thus creates humour

130
Q

Intertextuality: Pastiche (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  • A work of visual art, literature, theatre or musics that imitates the style of character of the work of one or more artists
    EG Twilight: lots of vampire pastiche stories influence by Meyer
  • Not parody as has no ‘comic effect’
  • Not allusion bc based on imitation, not ‘reference’
131
Q

Intertextuality: Plagiarism (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  • When a writer will use or very closely copy/imitate the language/work of others without citing of quoting them, thus claiming it as their own work
132
Q

Intertextuality: Quotation (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  • The repetition of one expression as part of another one.

- Common in newspapers

133
Q

Intertextuality: Why do texts use allusion (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  • Creates shared understanding
  • Make meaningful connections between other texts
  • Provides new and insightful connections with character
  • More depth to a text
134
Q

Intertextuality: Why do texts use parody (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  • Parodies inject humour into a text
  • Create shard understanding
  • Texts often parody known texts
  • Helps instant recognition
  • Potential to go viral
135
Q

Intertextuality: Why do texts use pastiche (DS/Pragmatics)

A
  • To celebrate great works of the past
  • To create a varied form of something successful
  • Shared knowledge
136
Q

Intransitive verbs (grammar)

A

Verbs which do not require objects

eg she was eating

137
Q

Irony - 2 types (pragmatics)

A
  1. Situational
  2. Verbal
  3. Dramatic
138
Q

Language - 3 types

A
  • Anglo saxon
  • French
  • Latinate
139
Q

lexical ambiguity (lexis)

A

where a word/phrase has more than one meaning in one given context

140
Q

lexical choice (lexis)

A

another word for ‘word’

141
Q

LEXIS

A

vocab system of english and our word choices

142
Q

Link between sarcasm and verbal irony (pragmatics)

A

ALL SARCASM IS VERBAL IRONY BUT NOT ALL VERBAL IRONY IS SARCASM
- if mockery is present = sarcasm

143
Q

logo (graphology)

A

a symbol/small design adopted by an organisation to identify its product

144
Q

logogram (graphology)

A

the symbol ‘x’ on a text message = kiss

145
Q

logos (pragmatics)

A

language that is based on reasoned arguments, helps to convince the reader of the logic of topic

146
Q

marked terms (lexis)

A

to form a word that stands out from the norm eg priestess, lioness, governess

147
Q

Masthead (graphology)

A

Name of a newspaper, magazine or webpage

148
Q

metonymy

A

type of subtle metaphor

eg “give you a hand” - offers help

149
Q

metonymy (pragmatics)

A
  • a type of subtle metaphor

- “give you a hand” (offers text)

150
Q

minimal responses (discourse structure)

A

“mm” “yeah”

words to show listener is listening

151
Q

minor sentence / elliptical structures

grammar

A

Where a word is missed out in a sentence e.g. going to shop vs. i am going to the shop

152
Q

mitigated imperative (grammer)

A

a syntactically disguised imperative
hidden imperatives
e.g. via a conditional
“I wonder if you could help me”

153
Q

modal auxiliary verb: deontic modality

A

Concerning obligation and permission
e.g.
You MUST not do that
You CAN leave now

154
Q

Modal auxiliary verb: epistemic modality

A
  • Different levels of probability/possibility
    e.g.
    He MUST be about arrive
    It MAY snow today
155
Q

Modal auxiliary verbs - 10

A
  1. Could
  2. Can
  3. Would
  4. Ought
  5. Should
  6. Shall
  7. Will
  8. Might
  9. May
  10. Must
156
Q

Modal auxiliary: dynamic modality (grammar)

A

Concerning ability
e.g.
I COULD swim when I was 5
It CAN rain a lot in April around here

157
Q

Modal auxililary verb: Boulomaic modality

A

Expresses wish and desire
e.g.
She WOULD rather stay at home
He WILL not accept the truth

158
Q

Mode - 2 types

A
  • written
  • spoken
  • electronic
159
Q

modifier (grammar)

A

includes an umbrella term for adverbs and adjectives

160
Q

multimodal (graphology)

A

those that combine words, image and sound to produce meaning
eg story book 4 kids

161
Q

near close near back vowel (phonology)

A

the vowel (ʊ) - suggest vowel accent

162
Q

near-close near-back vowel

A

the vowel ʊ͍

suggests northern accent

163
Q

negative face

A
  • the need to be imposed upon

e. g. ‘ no one has the right to tell me what to do ‘

164
Q

negative interrogatives (grammar)

A

often provide implicatures to suggest what someone should do/know eg “should you NOT check with her first”

165
Q

negative politeness

A
  • not imposing upon others
  • showing respect: over the top politeness
  • e.g. -‘excuse me could you please tell me the time?’
166
Q

Neologism (lexis)

A

New words that enter the language

167
Q

Neutral phatic tokens

A
  • refers to context/general affairs

“Lovely flowers”

168
Q

non standard contractions

grammar

A

contractions which are grammatically inaccurate

e.g. ‘don’t’ in the phrase ‘he don’t want any cake’ or ‘ain’t’

169
Q

non standard english (grammar)

A

not conforming in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary

often used in informal or spontaneous situations with familiar speakers

170
Q

non-finte verbs

A
  • verb forms which do not show: tense, person or number
  • usually these are infinitive forms
    eg “to wake” in “she tiptoed not TO WAKE her mum”
171
Q

non-fluency features (discourse structure)

A

interruptions, overlaps, false starts and fillers (umbrella term)

172
Q

non-syntactic (grammar)

A

another word for ‘non standard’ but specifically related to sentence construction

173
Q

noun (grammar)

A

a person place or thing

e.g. the queen london table

174
Q

off record politeness

A
  • indirect request

- e.g. ‘wow its cold out here’ (lets go inside)

175
Q

‘opt out’

A
  • say nothing

- want to pet strangers dog, but just walks away

176
Q

orthography

A

spellings

177
Q

Other oriented phatic tokens

A
  • related to the hearer

“Do you work here?”

178
Q

overextension (lexis)

A

where a child over applies a word’s category

eg calling all animals ‘dogs’

179
Q

overt prestige (grammar)

A

the standard form

regarded as “correct form” of speaking

180
Q

para language (pragmatic)

A

related to body language - use of gestures, facial expression and other non verbal elements
e.g. laughter = adds meaning to speaker beyond words

181
Q

Parenthetical phrase

A
  • Can alter semantic value of an utterance
  • Either asserting it more strongly or weakly
    e. g. “I know that..” “I think that…”
182
Q

pathos (pragmatics)

A

language that works on the emotions of the audience

183
Q

Pejoration

A

the process by which a word’s meaning worsens or degenerates, coming to represent something less favourable than it originally did

184
Q

person deixis

A

based on socio-axes

e.g. I ,you, Sarah, John

185
Q

personal identity (pragmatics)

A

about the self and how we have individual identities that evolve over the course of our lives
eg our job/situations
(relate idiolect patterns to PI)

186
Q

personal power (Pragmatics)

A

using power to influence people through personality, nuture and a caring nature
eg father over son, 2 sisters

187
Q

phatic communication (pragmatics)

A

small talk eg the weathers

188
Q

phatic tokens (discourse structure)

A

ways of showing situations by orienting comments to:

  • one self
  • others
  • general
189
Q

phoneme (phonology)

A

individual unit of sound

more phonemes then letters

190
Q

PHONOLOGY/PHONETICS

A

the sound system

191
Q

plosive (phonology)

A

what children master first

- denoting a consonant that is produced by stopping the air flow using lips /teeth followed by a sudden release of air

192
Q

politeness (pragmatics)

A

behaviour that is respectful and considerate to others eg please

193
Q

political power (Pragmatics)

A

a type of knowledge power that exerts knowledge surrounding political and government

194
Q

polysemy (lexis)

A

when ambiguity arises from having many possible meanings for a word
eg mole = animal and on skin

195
Q

polysyndeton (grammar)

A

when a lot of conjunctions are used with no commas eg and it’s dark and it was raining and no lights in the streets

196
Q

portmanteau (phonology)

A

blend words

eg smog - smoke and fog

197
Q

position power (Pragmatics)

A

power gained through position, often in higherarchy
eg headteacher over teachers
aka higherarchal power

198
Q

positive face

A
  • the need to be liked and admired

e. g. ‘ I want my contributions to be valued and admired ‘

199
Q

positive politeness

A
  • the desire to be liked and appreciated
  • used when power balance is equal
    e. g. boss 2 low status ‘call me Fred’
200
Q

Positive reinforcements

A
  • Expressives used to describe phrases like
    “Very good” “Well done”
  • Often called TEACHER TALK
201
Q

Power: knowledge and ideas power (Pragmatics)

A

using knowledge and ideas to influence others

eg lecturer over students/ doctor over medical students

202
Q

Power: legitimate power (Pragmatics)

A

a type of position power where a person has the formal right to make demands and to expect compliance and obedience from others
eg police over public

203
Q

Power: pratical (Pragmatics)

A

power through physical actions, violence, skill, money, goods or services
eg shop manager over customers

204
Q

PRAGMATICS

A

implied meaning of english and how language use creates meaning in different contexts

205
Q

pre closing valediction (discourse structure)

A

phrases that signal the end of a conversation is near
allows any remaining things to be discussed
eg best be going

206
Q

preposition

grammar

A

shows relationship between subject and object - the location
e.g. on, under, into

207
Q

present perfect continuous tense (grammer)

A

unspecified tense time ‘now’

e.g. I am having a good time

208
Q

presupposition (pragmatics)

A

linguistic term for ‘assumption”

- implied meaning/implicature

209
Q

prosodic features/ prosody

phonetics/ phonology

A

includes features

e. g. stress, volume, rhythm, pitch, tempo
- used by speakers to mark out key meanings in a message
- HOW something is said

210
Q

proto words (lexis)

A

neologised words that children use consistently

211
Q

proximal deixis

A
  • close to speaker
    e.g. this, here, I, now
    (this cat)
212
Q

pun (lexis)

A

aka paronomasia

the play on words

213
Q

Purposes of a text ( written) - 4 types

A
  • entertain
  • instruct
  • persuade
  • inform
214
Q

Purposes of a text (spoken) - 5 types

A
  • transactional
  • referential
  • interactional
  • phatic talk
  • expressive
    (TRIPE)
215
Q

quotatives (discourse structure)

A

when telling anecdotes/stories often use these

eg “i was like” “she went” “so i go”

216
Q

rapport

A

building a relationship/closer tenor with others

217
Q

recasting (lexis)

A

where caregivers repeat words in an accurate way to educate children about the standard form

218
Q

received pronunciation

phonetics/ phonology

A

the ‘educated’ and ‘proper’ way of speaking

e.g. the queen -> ‘typical british’

219
Q

referent power (Pragmatics)

A

the result of a persons worthiness and RESPECT from others

eg celebrities

220
Q

referential purpose (pragmatics)

A

info giving (spoken) eg teacher to class

221
Q

regional variation (phonology/lexis/grammar)

A

our accent and dialect choices

222
Q

relative clauses (grammar)

A

a type of subordinate clause which uses: who,that,which eg anna, who is eleven, went shopping

223
Q

rhotacism (phonetics/phonology)

A

(rhotic pronunciation)

- exaggerate the /r/ phoneme

224
Q

sarcasm (pragmatics)

A

use of irony to mock/convey

225
Q

schwa (phonetics/phonology)

A

unstressed central vowel

226
Q

Self oriented phatic tokens

A
  • personal to speaker

“I’m not up for this”

227
Q

semantic field (lexis)

A

words related to a certain subject

228
Q

semiotics (graphology)

A

the study of signs and symbols

and their use of interpretation

229
Q

shared knowledge

pragmatics

A

insider knowledge and references. where both parties understand

230
Q

sibilance (phonetics/phonology)

A

strongly stressed consonants created deliberately

231
Q

simile

pragmatics

A

saying something is ‘as’ or ‘like’

232
Q

simple sentence (grammar)

A

contains 1 piece of info - makes sense of their own (clauses)

233
Q

Situational irony (pragmatics)

A
  • involves a situation in which actions have an effect that is the opposite from what was intended
  • outcome is contrary to what we expected
    e. g. firestation gets burnt down
234
Q

social identity (pragmatics)

A

how we identify ourselves in a particular society
eg religions, ethnic groups, classes, genders, social class, family
[ this identity through group membership ]

235
Q

socio dramatic play (pragmatics)

A
  • children play together using role play bc its enjoyable practises social interaction/negotiation skills
  • players role often decided as they play
  • begins 3/4 yo
236
Q

Sociolect (lexis)

A

The language used by a social group e.g. family, football fans, young
People use different sociolect on their group to fit in
This creates a GROUP MEMBERSHIP and SOCIAL IDENTITY

237
Q

spatial deixis

A

based on spatio-axes

e.g. this, that, here, there

238
Q

speech organs (phonology)

A

produce the sounds of language

eg lips ,teeth ,parts of the tongue

239
Q

spoonerism (phonology)

A
  • mixing sounds in words
  • common of the spoken mode
    eg flock of bats for a block of flats
240
Q

standard english

grammar

A

the form of english accepted as the ‘correct’ usage

241
Q

Subtext (pragmatics)

A
  • means same as implicature
  • refers to hidden meaning in text
    e. g. “Do you have any cash on you”
  • speaker doesn’t want a Yes or No response
  • The subtext/implicature is “I want some money”
242
Q

Superlatives

A
  • Adjectives ending in -st

e. g. most, greatest, biggest

243
Q

synchronous (pragmatics)

A

immediate time

e.g. conversation right now

244
Q

Synonym

lexis

A

Different words with the same meaning

245
Q

syntactic parallelism (grammer)

A
  • reversion in adjacent clauses

2 forms: anaphora and anadiplosis

246
Q

syntax (grammar)

A

word order

247
Q

synthetic personalisation -

  • what is it
  • whose the researcher
  • what did he say (grammar)
A

when a large audience are addressed using the second person pronoun “you”
researcher FAIRCLOUGH
says this helps to create power balance

248
Q

Tabloids (graphology)

A

e. g. The sun
- For working-class readership
- Lightweight: sport, tv, celebrities
- Shorter and easier to read
- Photography

249
Q

Taboo / expletives

lexis

A

A linguistic term for swearing

250
Q

Taboo/Expletive

A

other names for swear words

251
Q

Tag questions:

- Addressee-oriented

A

Affective Softener: mitigates force of what could be an impolite demand e.g. “Open the door for me, COULD YOU?”
Affective Facilitative: invites listener to comment e.g. “He’s a good artist, ISN’T HE?”

252
Q

Tag questions:

- Holmes findings

A
  • found tag questions were used by both men and women
  • contradicts Lakoff’s deficit model
  • women use: facilitative tags
  • men use: epistemic modal tags
  • supports Fishman’s theory that women carry out the “interactional Shiftwork” in conversation
253
Q

Tag questions:

- Speaker-oriented

A
  • Epistemic modal: request information or confirmation when speaker in uncertain e.g. “you’ve been in Tenbury, for longer than that, HAVEN’T YOU?”
  • Challenging: confrontational e.g. “this is your last chance, OK?”
254
Q

Tag questions:

  • who
  • what
A
  • Holmes
  • Speaker-oriented (epistemic modal and challenging modal tags)
    and
  • Addressee-oriented (affective: softener and facilitative tags)
255
Q

Technical jargon/ specialist lexis

lexis

A

Subject specific words

256
Q

temporal deixis

A

based on times axes

e.g. now, today, yesterday

257
Q

tenor (pragmatics)

A

the relationship between speaker/hearer or text producer/ text receiver

258
Q

the infinitive (pragmatics)

A

the basic form of the verb without any inflection

eg to dance, to sing

259
Q

Theory: accommodation (pragmatics)

A
  • when we adjust our speech to ‘accommodate’ the person we are addressing
  • convergence; moving our speech closer to other person
  • divergence; moving speech further apart
260
Q

Theory: Brown and Levinson 4 politeness strategies

A
  1. positive politeness
  2. negative politeness
  3. off-record
  4. bald on-record
261
Q

Theory: Coates (2004)

A
  • back-channeling devices like minimal response e.g. “yeah” “mm” “I know” are more common is women discourse to reflect collaborative communication and support
262
Q

Theory: convergence accommodation theory (pragmatics)

A

when we move our speech closer to that of the person

263
Q

Theory: Eckert and McConnell-Ginet

A
  • where we see collaborative talk, these researchers refer to this as a “community of practise”, which can be linked to “group membership”
264
Q

Theory: Fang (2008)

A
  • said minimal responses are back-channeling used to encourage speakers in conversation and demonstrate the hearer is listening
265
Q

Theory: Grice maxims flouted?

A

when break a maxim so that it is obvious to all those involved
CREATES IMPLICATURE

266
Q

Theory: Grice maxims violated?

A

when break a maxim and people DO NOT KNOW

e.g. quality: we lie and listener not aware

267
Q

Theory: Grice’s Manner maxim

A
  • avoid obscurity
  • avoid ambiguity
  • be brief and orderly
    e. g. not getting too point
268
Q

Theory: Grice’s Quality maxim

A
  • contributed only what you know to be true
  • don’t say false things
  • dont say if lack evidence
    e. g. saying you’ve got bread when haven’t
269
Q

Theory: Grices relevance maxim

A
  • make contribution relevant

e. g. talking about dogs then switches to books

270
Q

Theory: Janet Holmes

A
  • said pragmatic particle “y’know” often creates positive politeness and solidarity in spoken discourse
271
Q

Theory: Labov

A
  • looked at oral narratives, said story-telling discourse involves the following:
  • Orientation (establishing context)
  • Action (describing event of story)
  • Evaluation (assessing the story- often through hyperbole/prosodic features)
  • Coda (bringing story back to point/ending)
272
Q

Theory: Sinclair and Coulthard said teacher talk serves three main functions, what are they?

A
  1. Informatives
  2. Directives
  3. Elicitation
273
Q

Theory: Sinclair and Coulthard: elicitaions

A
  • said this is when a teacher poses a question, a pupil will reply and the teacher gives feedback
274
Q

Theory: what did Fairclough say about Unequal Encounters (Pragmatics)

A
  • he believes language use helps to powerfully create and reinforce hierarchy of power relationships
  • FC suggests that few conversations are an “equal encounter” - he feels there is a “power struggle”
  • can be contradicted eg group of friends
  • whenever we communicate we unconsciously select an appropriate register which reflects our status
275
Q

Theory: What is it when ‘face’ is threatened

A
  • refer to it as ‘face threatening acts’ (FTAS)
  • acts that run contrary to the face wants of the addressee
    (Goffman)
276
Q

Theory: What is the concept of ‘face’

A 
essentially our self esteem in social interactions with others 
- try to preserve face
- instead of threatening it 
- show respect and solidarity 
(Goffman)
277
Q

Theory: Who are the discoverers of the concept of ‘face’ (Politeness Theory)

A

Goffman, then extended by Brown and Levinson, who also created “politeness”

278
Q

Theory: Who came up with accommodation theory (pragmatics)

A

Howard Giles

279
Q

Theory: Who discovered the maxims

A
  • H.P Grice
  • successful communication
  • quantity, quality, relevance, manner
280
Q

Theory: Who is the theorist of unequal encounters (Pragmatics)

A

Fairclough

281
Q

Theory: Who looked into teacher talk and the IRF model

A

Sinclair and Coulthard

282
Q

Theory: Who said ‘these 3 components establish key types of persuasion’

A

Aristotle

  • ethos, pathos, logos
  • create persuasion
283
Q

Theory: Whose Peter Trudghill (grammar)

A

the researcher behind covert and overt prestige

said that women tend to adopt more overt and men covert

284
Q

Theory: Why does politeness strategies involve balance

A
  • bc if clear and direct = may challenge face by making them feel as if you are telling them what to do
  • if try to protect face needs = too indirect may be unclear to be understood
285
Q

third category of deixis

distance

A
  • distal

- proximal

286
Q

transactional purpose (pragmatics)

A

getting something done (more formalised) eg business meeting

287
Q

Transitive verbs (grammar)

A

Verbs used with objects

eg she was devouring the sandwich

288
Q

turn taking (discourse structure)

A

in a conversation

when 2 people are talking one after another fluently with no silence in between

289
Q

typeface (font)

A

aka typography; the different types of font used

290
Q

typography (graphology)

A

fontsize, colour, emboldening, italicising, underlining

Any modification to font types

291
Q

un marked terms (lexis)

A

the normal/neutral form of a word. most unmarked terms are considered male eg priest, lion, governor

292
Q

unmitigated imperatives (grammar)

A

direct instruction

293
Q

utterance

A

A spoken sentence

294
Q

valediction (discourse structure)

A

action of saying “bye” and making a statement of farewell

295
Q

variant orthography (graphology)

A

deliberately using non-standard spelling to meet a certain purpose/audience/genre
spelling “love” as “luv”

296
Q

verb

grammar

A

a word used to describe action, state, occurrence

e.g. run ,dancing ,are ,was ,is

297
Q

verbal irony (pragmatics)

A
  • When words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean (often sarcastic)
    e. g. mum to messy sons room: “wow you should get an award for cleanliness”
298
Q

vernacular (lexis)

A

style of language we adopt in a certain situation

299
Q

virtuous error/generalisation(grammar)

A

these are “mistakes” children make whilst acquiring the language
eg saying “mouses” instead of “mice”

300
Q

what verb do teachers use often in directives

A
  • Modal auxiliary verbs due to their formality and indirect associations
301
Q

white space (graphology)

A

the portion of a page left unmarked

eg margins, gutters, space between columns

302
Q

malapropism

A

mistaking collocation/words for effect

eg “look at the world through bright-green coloured glass” rather than “rose-tinted glass”

English Language (8 decks)

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