Terminology Flashcards
linguistic competence
the ability to interpret the social meaning of the choice of linguistic varieties and to use language with the appropriate social meaning for the communication situation
linguistic performance
Use of language in concrete situations
performance error
errors made by learners when they are tired or hurried
Speech communication chain
is a simple model of spoken communication that highlights the transformation of an intention in the mind of the speaker to an understanding of that intention
Speech communication chain steps
speech production, auditory feedback to the speaker, speech transmission (through air or over an electronic communication system (to the listener), and speech perception and understanding by the listener.
- Think of what you want to communicate
- Pick out words to express the idea
- Put these words together in a certain order following rules
- Figure out how to pronounce these words
- Send those pronunciations to your vocal anatomy
- Speak: send the sounds through the air
- Perceive: listener hears the sounds
- Decode: listener interprets sounds as language
- Connect: listener receives communicated idea
Lexicon
he vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge
Noise
refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations.
Mental grammar
the generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand
Language variation
More than one way of saying the same thing
Descriptive grammar
An approach to grammar and how one uses the language.
Evidence that writing and language are not the same (4 reasons)
writing doesn’t exist everywhere
writing must be taught
neurological evidence (areas of the brain)
writing can be edited
Reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech (3 reasons)
writing can be edited
writing must be taught
writing is more physically stable
Prescribe
to lay down rules in which grammar should be used in language
Prescriptive grammar
The structure of a language as certain people think it should be used.
Mode of communication
Way in which you communicate
Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language) (list)
- mode of communication
- semanticity
- pragmatic function
- interchangeability
- cultural transmission
- arbitrariness
- discreteness
- displacement
- productivity
Semanticity
Study of words and their meanings
pragmatic function
the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the person they are speaking to (the addressee)
Interchangeability
the quality of being capable of exchange or interchange.
linguistic sign
A linguistic sign is not a link between a thing and a name, but between a concept and a sound pattern
Iconic
a relationship of resemblance or similarity between the two aspects of a sign: its form and its meaning
cultural transmission
the way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information
Convention
a principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or linguistic community about how to use, and therefore what the meaning is of, a specific term.
non-arbitrariness
direct correspondence between the physical properties of a form and the meaning that the form refers to
arbitrariness
the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word’s meaning and its sound or form
Conventionalized
following accepted standards
onomatopoeia
the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g. cuckoo, sizzle )
Sound symbolism
the partial representation of the sense of a word by its sound, as in bang, fizz, and slide.
Discreetness
the boundary between linguistic symbols is clear.
Displacement
the capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present (spatially or temporally)
Modality
category of linguistic meaning having to do with the expression of possibility and necessity
Productivity
the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation
myths about signed languages (list 4)
- signed language is derived from spoken language.
- signed languages are codes
- there is only one signed language
- deaf people will use sign language to communicate
differences between codes and languages (list 4)
code - artificially constructed system to represent a natural langues
codes borrow structure from natural language
codes do not have native speakers
codes do not evolve; language does
