Terminology

Question 1

linguistic competence

Answer 1

the ability to interpret the social meaning of the choice of linguistic varieties and to use language with the appropriate social meaning for the communication situation

Question 2

linguistic performance

Answer 2

Use of language in concrete situations

Question 3

performance error

Answer 3

errors made by learners when they are tired or hurried

Question 4

Speech communication chain

Answer 4

is a simple model of spoken communication that highlights the transformation of an intention in the mind of the speaker to an understanding of that intention

Question 5

Speech communication chain steps

Answer 5

speech production, auditory feedback to the speaker, speech transmission (through air or over an electronic communication system (to the listener), and speech perception and understanding by the listener.

1. Think of what you want to communicate
2. Pick out words to express the idea
3. Put these words together in a certain order following rules
4. Figure out how to pronounce these words
5. Send those pronunciations to your vocal anatomy
6. Speak: send the sounds through the air
7. Perceive: listener hears the sounds
8. Decode: listener interprets sounds as language
9. Connect: listener receives communicated idea

Question 6

Lexicon

Answer 6

he vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge

Question 7

Noise

Answer 7

refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations.

Question 8

Mental grammar

Answer 8

the generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand

Question 9

Language variation

Answer 9

More than one way of saying the same thing

Question 10

Descriptive grammar

Answer 10

An approach to grammar and how one uses the language.

Question 11

Evidence that writing and language are not the same (4 reasons)

Answer 11

writing doesn’t exist everywhere
writing must be taught
neurological evidence (areas of the brain)
writing can be edited

Question 12

Reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech (3 reasons)

Answer 12

writing can be edited
writing must be taught
writing is more physically stable

Question 13

Prescribe

Answer 13

to lay down rules in which grammar should be used in language

Question 14

Prescriptive grammar

Answer 14

The structure of a language as certain people think it should be used.

Question 15

Mode of communication

Answer 15

Way in which you communicate

Question 16

Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language) (list)

Answer 16

1. mode of communication
2. semanticity
3. pragmatic function
4. interchangeability
5. cultural transmission
6. arbitrariness
7. discreteness
8. displacement
9. productivity

Question 17

Semanticity

Answer 17

Study of words and their meanings

Question 18

pragmatic function

Answer 18

the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the person they are speaking to (the addressee)

Question 19

Interchangeability

Answer 19

the quality of being capable of exchange or interchange.

Question 20

linguistic sign

Answer 20

A linguistic sign is not a link between a thing and a name, but between a concept and a sound pattern

Question 21

Iconic

Answer 21

a relationship of resemblance or similarity between the two aspects of a sign: its form and its meaning

Question 22

cultural transmission

Answer 22

the way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information

Question 23

Convention

Answer 23

a principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or linguistic community about how to use, and therefore what the meaning is of, a specific term.

Question 24

non-arbitrariness

Answer 24

direct correspondence between the physical properties of a form and the meaning that the form refers to

Question 25

arbitrariness

Answer 25

the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word’s meaning and its sound or form

Question 26

Conventionalized

Answer 26

following accepted standards

Question 27

onomatopoeia

Answer 27

the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g. cuckoo, sizzle )

Question 28

Sound symbolism

Answer 28

the partial representation of the sense of a word by its sound, as in bang, fizz, and slide.

Question 29

Discreetness

Answer 29

the boundary between linguistic symbols is clear.

Question 30

Displacement

Answer 30

the capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present (spatially or temporally)

Question 31

Modality

Answer 31

category of linguistic meaning having to do with the expression of possibility and necessity

Question 32

Productivity

Answer 32

the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation

Question 33

myths about signed languages (list 4)

Answer 33

1. signed language is derived from spoken language.
2. signed languages are codes
3. there is only one signed language
4. deaf people will use sign language to communicate

Question 34

differences between codes and languages (list 4)

Answer 34

code - artificially constructed system to represent a natural langues
codes borrow structure from natural language
codes do not have native speakers
codes do not evolve; language does