Terminology Flashcards
Photophosphorylation
The process during photosynthesis where some of the energy received from the activated chlorophyll is used for the production of ATP from ADP
Photosynthesis
The source of atmospheric oxygen that is needed for cellular respiration by all organisma
Autotrophic
An organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide and other chemicals
Heterotrophic
An organism that cannot produce its own food and relies on other organisms as a food source
Catalyse
Makes reactions happen faster
Limewater
The liquid used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide
Denature
To change the structure of proteins such as enzymes irreversibly
Destarched plant
Plant that has been left in the dark for some hours
Pallisade
The elongated mesophyll cells in a leaf
stroma
The structure in a lead through which gaseous exchange with the environment takes place. A large central component of the chloroplast filled with fluid and containing enzymes
Anabolic reaction
Chemical reactions that occur when small simple molecules are synthesized to form large, complex molecules
Excess glucose
Glucose that is not immediately used for cellular respiration and is stored as STARCH
Photolysis
The splitting of water molecules into oxygen gas and energy rich hydrogen atoms in photosynthesis. More generally it is the splitting of a chemical compound by means of light energy (photons).
Synthesise
To form a complex substance from simpler substances
Limiting factors
Factors that limit the speed or rate of a process
Organic
With carbon, higher energy
Inorganic
No carbon hydrogen bonds, lower energy
Prokaryote
Without a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
Cells with membrane bound organelles and a nucleus
Saprophytic
Feeds on dead and decaying matter
Cilia
Short motile hair-like structures found on the surface of cells
Flagella
Long motile hair-like structures that extend from the surface of cells for the purpose of locomotion
Pseudopodia
Protrusions of the cell membrane of unicellular organisms, aka false feet
Biotechnology
The industrial use of living organisms to manufacture food and other products
Aerobic respiration
The type of cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen (complete breakdown)
Anaerobic respiration
The type of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen (incomplete breakdown)
Glycolysis
The first stage of aerobic respiration occuring in the cytoplasm
Krebs/ citric acid cycle
The second phase of aerobic respiration occuring in the mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation
The third and last stage of aerobic respiration occurring in the mitochondria
Adenosine triphosphate
The general energy carrier in cells of living organisms
Alcoholic fermentation
The type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast cells
Endothermic animal
An animal that maintains a constant body temperature despite outside temperature
Oxygen debt
The additional amount of oxygen that the body needs after exercise to get rid of lactic acid
Osmoregulation
The regulation of the water balance of the body of an organism
Hypothalamus
The part if the brain that regulates/ controls the water balance of the body
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)/ Vasopressin
Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland/ hypophysis that is needed for osmoregulation
Aldosterone
A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that is involved with the regulation of salt concentration of the blood
Hormone
Chemical messenger produced by its endocrine gland, travelled by means of the bloodstream to its target organ where it has its effect that is either excitatory or inhibitory
Endocrine glands
Glands where secretions (hormones) are released directly into the bloodstream eg. The pancreas and the hypophysis
Exocrine glands
These are glands whose secretions leave via a duct eg. Pancreas and salivary glands
Columnar epithelium
A section of cells that are closely packed together that represents columns, it lines most of the digestive system
Goblet cells
In between columnar cells, responsible for the secretion of water
Passive transport
Transport that requires no energy from a higher to lower concentration (along the concentration gradient) eg. Diffusion, osmosis
Active transport
Against the concentration gradient (Lower to higher), requires energy
Cellular respiration
Chemical process in cells in which food molecules like glucose are broken down to release energy
Breathing
Physical process of moving air that is ruch in oxygen into a gaseous exchange organ eg. lungs and are that is rich in carbon dioxide out of the body
Gas exchange
The movement of respiratory gases in opposite directions, namely oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body, across gas exchange surfaces
Homeostasis
Keeping the body internal environment within in narrow limits (equilibrium)
Osmolarity
How much solute or salt in the blood
Emulsification
Breaking up fats into tiny fat droplets
Pancreas
A mammalian organ that can be exocrine or endocrine
Peristalsis
The process whereby food is moved along the intestinal/ alimentary canal of mammals
Chyme
A thick semi-fluid mass of partially digested food ans digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion
Collection of alveoli
Infundibulum
Podocytes
Specialised cells with filtration slits occuring in the bowman’s capsule
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Bacteria that causes milk to turn sour
Nephron
Where the Malpighian bodies are found
