Terminologies in Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards
Pharmacology
it refers to the study of drugs and their interaction with living things which encompasses the physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects
Clinical Pharmacology
it refers to the study of drugs in human for patients and healthy volunteers
Pharmacotherapeutics
it refers to the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat diseases
Drug
it refers to any chemical that can affect living processes
What are the properties of an ideal drug?
- Effectiveness
- a drug that elicits the responses for which it is given - Safety
- a drug that cannot produce harmful effects even if administered in very high doses and for a very long time - Selectivity
- a drug that elicits only the response for which it is given - Reversible Action
- a drug actions that subside within an appropriate time - Predictability
- a drug that we can know with certainty how a given patient will respond - Ease of Administration
- a drug that is given conveniently with low needed doses
What are the 10 Rights to Medication Administration?
The 10 rights to medication administration are:
(Important five)
1. Right patient
2. Right route
3. Right time
4. Right drug
5. Right dose
(The other five)
6. Right documentation
7. Right education
8. Right to refuse
9. Right assessment
10. Right evaluation
Chemical Name
it describes the drug’s chemical structure
Generic Name
official, nonproprietary name, not owned by any company and it is universally accepted
Trade/ Brand Name
proprietary name, chosen by the drug company and it is registered as trademark
Patient Adherence
also known as compliance, is defined as the extent to which a patient’s behavior coincides with medical advice
Pharmacokinetics
- it derived from two Greek words, Pharmakon (drug or poison) and kinesis (motion)
- it refers to the study of the movement of the drug throughout the body
Four Processes of Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- it is the transmission of medications from the location of administration to the bloodstream - Distribution
- it is the transportation of medications to sites of action by bodily fluids - Metabolism
- changes medications into less active/ inactive form by the action of enzymes
- occurs primarily in the liver, kidneys, lungs, bowel, and blood - Excretion
- elimination of drugs from the body
- it is mainly through the kidneys but may also be through the bile, lungs, saliva, sweat, and breastmilk
Ethical Considerations
- Respect for Persons/ Autonomy
- treated as independent persons capable of making decisions in their own best interests, right to self-determination - Beneficence
- duty to protect research subjects from harm
a. Informed Consent
- it includes the mutual sharing of information, expresses respect to persons, gains active involvement in care and respects the right to self-determination
b. Risk-benefit ratio
- physical, psychological and social risks must be identified and weighed against the benefits
- Justice
- it requires that the selection of research subjects must be fair
Drug Effects
- Therapeutic effect
- it is the preferred and expected effect for which the medication is administered to a specific client - Side effects
- it is usually expected and inevitable when a medication is given at a therapeutic dose - Adverse effects
- it is undesired, inadvertent, and unexpected dangerous effects of the medications - Toxic effects
- medications can have specific risks and manifestations of toxicity
Bioavailability
- it refers to the percentage of administered drug available for activity
- the bioavailability of ORAL DRUGS are affected by absorption and first-pass effect while IV DRUGS are 100%
