Cardiovascular Drugs

Question 1

What are the two primary functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

1. delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and other essentials to cells
2. removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the cell and it helps in fighting infection

Question 2

What are the determinants of cardiac output?

Answer 2

1. Heart rate- controlled by the ANS
2. Stroke volume- determined by 1. myocardial contractility (force with which the ventricles contract), 2. cardiac afterload, 3. cardia preload
3. Preload- amount of tension (stretch) applied to a muscle before contraction= force of venous return
4. Afterload- load against which a muscle exerts its force= arterial pressure that the left ventricle overcomes to eject blood

Question 3

It is a type of drugs that accelerate the rate of urine formation that results to the removal of sodium and water from the body

Answer 3

Diuretics

Question 4

Central Acting and Peripheral Acting

Answer 4

Central Acting- it acts on the brain by decreasing NE production
(Drugs: Clonidine, Methyldopa)

Peripheral Acting- at the heart and blood vessels
(Drugs: Alpha and Beta Blockers)

Question 5

It is a type of drug used for prevention of migraine headaches and severe dysmenorrhea, mgt of opioid, nicotine and alcohol withdrawal

Answer 5

Clonidine

Question 6

What are the three types of Calcium Channel Blocker (CCBs)

Answer 6

1. Phenylalkylamines (Verapamil)
2. Benzothiazepines (Diltiazem)
3. Dihydropyridines (Amlodipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine)

Question 7

Contraindication of vasodilators

Answer 7

C/I: drug allergy, hypotension, cerebral edema, head injury, acute MI

Question 8

Types of Angina

Answer 8

1. Chronic Stable Angina- intense but subsides within 15 minutes of rest or medications and caused mainly by atherosclerosis and can be triggered by exertion or stress and exacerbated by smoking, alcohol, coffee and some drugs
2. Unstable Angina- early stage of progressive artery disease characterized by pain increasing in severity and frequency and may even occur at rest
3. Vasospastic Angina- from spasms of the smooth muscle that surrounds the coronary arteries a nd occurs at rest without any triggers but usually occurring at the same time of the day

Question 9

It mainstay prophylaxis and treatment for angina

Answer 9

Nitrates and Nitrites

Question 10

What are the three Anti-Anginal Drugs?

Answer 10

1. Nitrates and Nitrites
2. Beta Blockers
3. Calcium Channel Blockers

Question 11

It is a type of Anti-Anginal drugs that is the most effective treatment of exertional angina

Answer 11

Beta Blockers

Question 12

It occurs due to a reduced ratio of ejection fraction to left-ventricular end-diastolic volume

Answer 12

Heart failure

Question 13

AHA’s HF Classification

Answer 13

Class I- no limitation of physical activity

Class II- slight limitation of physical activity

Class III- marked limitation of physical activity

Class IV- unable to carry on any physical activity without discomfort

Question 14

Positive Inotropic Drugs

Answer 14

it increases the force of myocardial contraction

Question 15

Positive Chronotropic Drugs

Answer 15

it increases the rate in which the heart beats

Question 16

Positive Dromotropic Drugs

Answer 16

it accelerates conduction

Question 17

It is the oldest group of cardiac drugs, came from foxglove or Digitalis plant

Answer 17

Cardiac Glycosides

Question 18

Any deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart

Answer 18

Dysrhythmias

Question 19

It is a type of solution that is used to treat cardiac conditions

Answer 19

Plain Lidocaine solution

Question 20

Any process that stops the bleeding

Answer 20

Hemostasis