Terminologies Flashcards
1
Q
What is Avadana/Apadana?
A
Buddha’s explanation of a person’s worthy deeds (Noble) in Previous Life
Significant texts related to this concept include Mahavastu, Divyavadana, and Ashokavadana.
2
Q
What is Mahavastu?
A
A compilation of Mahasanghika related to Buddha’s life
It is one of the texts that includes Avadana.
3
Q
Who were the Ahadis?
A
Gentlemen-troopers called/recruited by the Mughal emperor and paid higher salaries than other troopers
4
Q
What is an Araghatta?
A
Water wheel used in land irrigation
5
Q
What does Aurang refer to?
A
Warehouse where goods were collected
6
Q
What are Agrahara / Brahmadeya?
A
Land grants to brahmana or Educational settlements
7
Q
What is Akhabarat-i-Darbar-i-Mulla?
A
News from the exalted court
8
Q
What were Agrarikas responsible for?
A
Looked after the land given in charity
9
Q
What does Bandagan-i-Khas mean?
A
Royal Slaves
10
Q
What is the role of a Banian?
A
Indian agents to East India Company
11
Q
Who were the Banjaras?
A
Traders
12
Q
What is Bhattavriutti?
A
Area donated to Brahamana for educational reasons
13
Q
What is Bhilsa?
A
Ancient Name of Vidish (M.P.)
14
Q
What is the ancient name of Amaravati?
A
Dhanyakataka
15
Q
Define Dharma & Rita.
A
Dharma signifies behaviour in accord with Rita (Natural order which regulates the operation of universe)
16
Q
What are Charanachitras?
A
Story telling scroll paintings
17
Q
What is Chaturvedi mangalam?
A
Brahmana with Irrigation facility by kings
18
Q
What are Devadana and Tirunamattukanni?
A
Land gifted to temples
19
Q
What does Damin-i-koh refer to?
A
Land of Santhals also means skirts of hills
20
Q
What are Eripatti?
A
Tank lands, land donated by Individual for village tank maintenance
21
Q
What is Fanam?
A
Coins
22
Q
What were Faujdars?
A
Commandants
23
Q
What is a Ghatika?
A
Colleges generally attached to the Temples, smaller than Agrahara
24
Q
What is a Hundi?
A
A bill of exchange
25
Who is a Gomastha?
Paid servant to supervise weavers, collect supplies & examine quality of clothes
26
What does Iqta refer to?
Land distribution/revenue and administrative system introduced by Iltutmish
27
What is an Ibadat khana?
Hall of worship built by Akbar for religious debates
28
What does Kuddapah-kar signify?
Rice cultivation season along with Samba-peshnam
29
What is Kharaj?
Land revenue
30
What does Kulah-daran refer to?
Saiyyad used to wear a cap (kulah)
31
What is a Khilat?
Robe of honour
32
Agrahara
A land or village granted by a king to a Brahmin or a religious figure, often used for religious purposes and tax-free.
33
Alvars
The Vaishnava saint-poets of early medieval South India, known for their devotional hymns to Vishnu.
34
Apabhramsha
A stage of the later development of the Prakrit language, up to the end of the 1st millennium CE.
35
Aranyakas
Literally 'forest books'; part of the Vedic corpus, these texts focus on meditation and rituals for ascetics.
36
Abwab
Extra-legal charges exacted by landlords, typically used in the medieval period.
37
Akhra
A gymnasium, commonly used for physical training and sports in medieval Indian society.
38
Amil
A revenue official in medieval India, responsible for overseeing revenue collection.
39
Amla
A zamindari official who managed agricultural or revenue-related affairs.
40
Ajlaf
Muslim commoners, a term used in medieval Indian society.
41
Atrap
Another term for Muslim commoners, same as Ajlaf.
42
Azad Dastas
Guerrilla bands or free bands of fighters in medieval India, often operating in rural areas.
43
Amils
Revenue officers responsible for overseeing revenue collection in Mughal India.
44
Arz-I-Mamalik
Minister in charge of the army of the whole country during Mughal rule.
45
Ahl-I-Qalam
The term for reporters or scribes, responsible for documenting and reporting information.
46
Akam
Sangam love poems in Tamil literature that focus on themes of love, nature, and personal feelings.
47
Amphorae
A type of Roman pottery, characterized by large oval bodies, narrow cylindrical necks, and two handles.
48
Antarala
The vestibule or antechamber of a temple, often leading to the sanctum.
49
Anvikshiki
Literally 'looking at'; refers to logical reasoning in Indian philosophical systems.
50
Araghatta
A Persian wheel, a device used for irrigation in medieval India.
51
Ardha-Magadhi
An eastern dialect of Prakrit, used in the earliest Jaina texts.
52
Ardhamandapa
The hall preceding the sanctum in a temple, used for public gatherings and ceremonies.
53
Arhat
A person who has attained enlightenment in Buddhism, particularly one who has achieved Nirvana.
54
Ariya-sachchani
The Four Noble Truths in Buddhism, which relate to suffering and its cessation.
55
Astika Schools
Philosophical schools that accepted the authority of the Vedas, including the six classical systems of Hindu philosophy.
56
Ayyavole
A powerful merchant guild of early medieval South India, involved in trade and commerce.
57
Bhikkhu Pali
(Sanskrit Bhikshu), a Buddhist monk who lives by begging alms, dedicated to the pursuit of spiritual knowledge.
58
Brahmacharya
The stage of celibate studenthood in the Ashrama scheme, focused on study and discipline.
59
Brahmadeya
Land granted to Brahmanas by kings, often for religious or educational purposes.
60
Baqqal
A trader or grain-dealer, especially in medieval India.
61
Batai
Division of crop between cultivators and landlords/government, paid in kind or cash.
62
Barid
An intelligence officer in medieval India, appointed by the state to collect information.
63
Banjar
Waste and fallow land that has been left unused for agricultural purposes.
64
Banjara
An itinerant tribe, often involved in trade and transportation across medieval India.
65
Bahas
A Muslim religious meeting or debate, often focused on theological issues.
66
Bakasht
Land where permanent tenancies were converted into short-term tenancies, usually to secure revenue.
67
Bodhisattva
A future Buddha, someone who has attained enlightenment but chooses to stay in the world to help others achieve Nirvana.
68
Boustrephedon Style
A style of writing where consecutive lines are written in opposite directions.
69
Brahmadeya
Land given to Brahmanas, typically by kings, for religious and educational purposes.
70
Burin
A small stone tool made on a blade with a screw-driver edge, used in prehistoric times.
71
Chakri
An office job, particularly in the administrative system of medieval India.
72
Cairn Stone Circle
A type of megalithic burial marked by a stone circle, commonly found in prehistoric and early historic India.
73
Chaitya
A Buddhist shrine, often a rock-cut structure, where Buddhists could meditate and worship.
74
Charana
A school of Vedic study, focused on preserving and interpreting Vedic knowledge.
75
Charvaka
An atheistic materialist philosophical school, also known as Lokayata, which rejected the Vedas and theism.
76
Cowries
Marine shells used as currency in ancient and medieval India, originating from the Maldives.
77
Chaouth Or Chauthaai
A tax equivalent to one-fourth of the land revenue, originally a charge in Gujarat demanded by Shivaji for war expenses.
78
Charai
A tax on cattle, common in agricultural economies.
79
Dadan
Advance payment given to primary producers or workers in agricultural and trade sectors.
80
Dadani
Merchants who procured goods by paying advances to primary producers.
81
Dalam
Revolutionary units or military bands in medieval India, often associated with insurgencies.
82
Dalwai
The prime minister of the Mysore state during the medieval period.
83
Dastak
A permit issued by the East India Company for goods, which exempted them from local taxation.
84
Deshpande
A revenue collector, usually at the level of a district or smaller administrative unit.
85
Desbmukh
A revenue officer in medieval India, often responsible for larger regional collections.
86
Dikhu
A foreigner; a term used by the Santhals (tribal group) to identify outsiders.
87
Dakshinapatha
The great southern trade route that connected major centers of commerce in ancient India.
88
Dana
Ritual giving, an important religious practice in many Indian religions, symbolizing charity and benevolence.
89
Darshana
Literally 'view'; refers to philosophy, particularly the six classical systems of Hindu philosophy.
90
Dhamma
A Pali word (Sanskrit, dharma), referring to the ideal conduct and moral law in Buddhism and Jainism.
91
Dhamma Chakka-pavattana
The Buddha’s first sermon in the deer park near Benaras, where he introduced the Four Noble Truths.
92
Dhamma-mahamatas
A new cadre of officials created by Ashoka to propagate Dhamma and ensure moral governance.
93
Dvija
Literally 'twice born'; those entitled to the performance of the upanayana (sacred thread ceremony), typically the upper three varnas (Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas).
94
Dagh System
A system of branding horses and animals, particularly for identification and security purposes.
95
Dame
A copper coin, considered as 1/40th of the silver rupee for official purposes.
96
Dastur-At-Amal
A rule book, often related to the administrative or military guidelines in the medieval period.
97
Dhimmi
A non-Muslim client or subject under Islamic rule, entitled to protection and certain privileges.
98
Darul Mulk
The capital city of a state or empire in the medieval Islamic context.
99
Diwan
The office or function of finance, responsible for the financial administration of the state.
100
Diwan-I-Arz
The ministry of military affairs in the Mughal administration.
101
Diwan-I-Insha
The ministry of royal correspondence in the Mughal empire.
102
Diwan-I-Kul Wazir
The chief imperial fiscal minister in the Mughal empire.
103
Daroga
A minor officer in charge of a local office or district in the medieval period.
104
Diwan-I-Risalat
The ministry responsible for religious affairs in the Mughal empire.
105
Diwan-I-Wizarat
The department of finance in the Mughal empire.
106
Faujdar
In charge of a Sarkar, a military officer responsible for maintaining law and order in a district.
107
Fitna
Sedition or rebellion, particularly in the context of Muslim rule.
108
Fituris
A tradition of tribal rebellion, particularly among indigenous communities against state or feudal authority.
109
Four Noble Truths (Ariya-sachchani)
An important part of the Buddha's teaching, relating to suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the path to cessation.
110
Gumashta
An agent or representative, particularly in the context of trade and finance.
111
Garbha-Griha
The inner sanctum of a temple, where the image of the main deity is placed and worshipped.
112
Grihastha
The householder stage in the Ashrama system, focused on domestic life, family duties, and prosperity.
113
Ghatwali
A service tenure for village watchmen, responsible for maintaining security in rural areas.
114
Giras
Customary dues, often paid to landlords or state authorities.
115
Gomustah
The Indian agent of the East India Company, responsible for overseeing trade and administrative tasks.
116
Gahapati
A Pali term (Sanskrit grihapati) for householder or wealthy property-owner.
117
Gana
A term with multiple meanings, including an oligarchy, or a social group with common interests or governance.
118
Garbha-griha
The inner sanctum of a temple, housing the main deity's idol.
119
Grantha Script
A South Indian script used for writing Sanskrit.
120
Ganj
A grain market, a center of trade for agricultural goods.
121
Hun
A gold coin used in medieval India, particularly during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods.
122
Hamam
A bathhouse in medieval India, influenced by Persian and Ottoman architecture, used for socializing and hygiene.
123
Jagir
A form of land grant given by the Mughal rulers to military officers and nobles in exchange for their services.
124
Jati
A group or caste in Hindu society, based on profession, birth, or social standing.
125
Jizya
A tax levied on non-Muslims in Muslim-ruled India, particularly during the Mughal period.
126
Jama-Kharch
The book of accounts maintained by the Mughal empire to record revenue collection and expenditure.
127
Jang-i-Afghan
The Afghan wars that took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, marking the Afghan struggle for independence from Mughal rule.
128
Jati-panchayat
A community-based council or assembly in the caste system that deals with social and local issues.
129
Jaggery
A traditional form of unrefined sugar, used extensively in ancient and medieval India.
130
Jail-i-Sukhad
A type of agricultural land used for cultivation that was owned by the state or village community.
131
Jahaz
A type of ship used for maritime trade in the medieval period, often referred to in Islamic records.
132
Jahangir's Diwan-i-Risalat
A department during the Mughal period responsible for religious affairs and missionary activities.
133
Jara
A tax levied in medieval India on the income or produce of the land, especially in the Mauryan period.
134
Jharokha
A type of overhanging balcony or window in Indian architecture, especially in Mughal palaces.
135
Jeevan Mukti
The concept of liberation (moksha) achieved during one's lifetime, a core principle in Hindu philosophy.
136
Jivaka
A legendary physician in ancient India, associated with the Buddhist tradition and the medical school in ancient Nalanda.
137
Jodhana
A practice of ceremonial marriage or alliance among Rajput kings, often marked by strategic political purposes.
138
Khata
An account book, particularly used in the revenue and taxation systems in ancient and medieval India.
139
Khalsa
The community of Sikhs initiated by Guru Gobind Singh, representing a collective identity and military ethos.
140
Khud-Khass
A landholding or fief granted to a military officer in Mughal India.
141
Khushhali
Prosperity, particularly in terms of agricultural growth and the well-being of a village or state.
142
Kala-Ghazi
A title used by certain Muslim military leaders in medieval India to describe their status as protectors or conquerors.
143
Khums
A tax levied on one-fifth of the income, particularly associated with Islamic practice, to be used for the welfare of the poor and religious causes.
144
Khutbah
The sermon given by a Muslim imam in a mosque, often on Fridays, and used as a form of state propaganda during Islamic rule in India.
145
Kharif
The summer crop, especially in the context of monsoon-dependent agriculture in India.
146
Krishna-Deva-Raya
The famous Vijayanagar ruler who expanded the empire to its greatest territorial extent and promoted the arts and literature.
147
Kalachuri
A dynasty of early medieval India, particularly known for their rule in central India, with a focus on temple building and cultural development.
148
Kalinjara Fort
A significant historical fort in northern India, known for its role in the Chandela dynasty and its fall to the Delhi Sultanate.
149
Kalachuri Kings
A dynasty in medieval India, noted for its political influence, military conquests, and contributions to architecture.
150
Kautilya's Arthashastra
An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy, attributed to Chanakya.
151
Kesar Singh
A military general in the Mughal empire known for his campaigns in the Deccan region.
152
Khanda
A traditional sword, often used as a symbol of authority in Indian royal courts and temples.
153
Kundalini
The spiritual energy said to reside at the base of the spine in Hindu and yogic traditions, symbolizing enlightenment when awakened.
154
Kshatrapas
The rulers of the western Indian region of Saurashtra and Gujarat, often associated with the Saka dynasty.
155
Kunjar
An elephant; sometimes referred to in medieval Indian texts as a symbol of strength and royal authority.
156
Kanishta
The lowest order in the traditional social hierarchy, particularly in the context of ancient and medieval Hindu society.
157
Kalyanpura
A historic town mentioned in several ancient texts, believed to be a center of commerce and culture during the Mauryan period.
158
Kota
A city and administrative division in Rajasthan, historically significant as a Rajput principality.
159
Kundal
A type of ornament worn in the ears, particularly in the context of Indian royalty and nobility.
160
Kunwar
A title used by the sons of Rajput or noble families in medieval India, particularly as a form of nobility.
161
Kala-Peela
A specific shade of dark yellow or saffron often used to describe the sacred and royal colors in medieval Indian art and textiles.
162
Krishna Bhakti
Devotion to Lord Krishna, widely practiced in the Bhakti movement in medieval India, particularly in Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
163
Kalapathar
A term used for a type of stone used in Indian architecture, particularly for temple construction during the medieval period.
164
Jambhala
A deity worshipped in Buddhism for wealth and prosperity, often depicted with the qualities of abundance and good fortune.
165
Kochi
A key port city on the southwestern coast of India, known for its trade, especially with the Portuguese and later the Dutch.
166
Kosala
An ancient kingdom in the central and eastern parts of India, with its capital at Shravasti, and an important region in the Buddhist tradition.
167
Kosa
A treasury or royal storehouse in ancient Indian states, where wealth and resources were kept.
168
Kosala Mahajanapada
One of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, an ancient republic in the northern part of India, mentioned in Buddhist texts.
169
Kund
A type of step-well, often used in Rajasthan and Gujarat, to store water and facilitate irrigation.
170
Kosala Kshetra
The geographical area encompassing the ancient Kosala kingdom, mentioned in the Puranas and Buddhist literature.
171
Kaul
A type of Sanskrit manuscript or ritual document used in temple or court ceremonies.
172
Kumbh Mela
A massive religious gathering that occurs every 12 years at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, drawing millions of Hindus for ritual bathing and prayer.
173
Kutub Minar
A famous Islamic monument in Delhi, built by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak and later expanded by his successors.
174
Kalhana's Rajatarangini
An epic historical text written by Kalhana, detailing the history of the kings of Kashmir.
175
Kumari
The title for a prepubescent girl who is worshipped as a goddess in Nepalese culture, particularly within Hindu and Buddhist traditions.
176
Khajuraho
A group of temples in Madhya Pradesh, known for their intricate and erotic sculptures, representing a mix of Jain and Hindu architecture.
177
Kundalika
A river in western India, often associated with the history of the Marathas and their battles.
178
Khajuraho Temples
An UNESCO World Heritage Site, famous for their elaborate and detailed temple architecture and erotic sculptures.
179
Kala-Bhairav
A form of the Hindu god Shiva, worshipped as a guardian deity in several parts of India.
180
Term
[Meaning, context, key details, outcome, participants, etc.]
181
Mahavir
The 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, who emphasized non-violence (ahimsa), truth, and asceticism as central principles of Jain philosophy.
182
Mahajanapadas
The sixteen ancient republics or kingdoms that existed in India before the Maurya Empire, mentioned in both Jain and Buddhist texts.
183
Mahabharata
One of the two great Sanskrit epics of ancient India, focusing on the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and Pandava princes.
184
Mahmud of Ghazni
The ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire from 971 to 1030, known for his invasions of India and plundering of temples such as the Somnath Temple.
185
Mahmud of Ghori
The founder of the Ghurid dynasty, credited with the establishment of Muslim rule in northern India, particularly the Delhi Sultanate.
186
Mahim
A historical district in Mumbai, once an important port and center of trade during the medieval period.
187
Malabar Coast
The southwestern coast of India, known for its spice trade and the arrival of European colonial powers, especially the Portuguese.
188
Malik Kafur
A prominent general and slave of Alauddin Khilji who played a major role in the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 14th century.
189
Mani
A form of jewelry or ornament, often seen in ancient Indian royal courts as a symbol of wealth and status.
190
Manas
A legendary weapon in Hindu mythology, often associated with the gods and used in various epic battles.
191
Maitreyee
A learned woman mentioned in the Upanishads, known for her spiritual wisdom and philosophical dialogue.
192
Majumdar
A title given to a person responsible for managing royal estates or land in medieval India, particularly in the Mughal and Rajput periods.
193
Malik-i-Sharif
A title used by Muslim rulers to denote authority over a region or area, often seen in medieval India.
194
Malwa
A historical region in central India, known for its political significance and rich culture during the medieval period.
195
Manusmriti
An ancient legal text that is one of the earliest works on Hindu law, outlining the duties and responsibilities of various castes and social groups.
196
Mandala
A symbolic representation of the universe in Hindu and Buddhist traditions, often used in religious rituals and meditation practices.
197
Madhyadesa
A term referring to the central region of ancient India, including areas like Magadha, Kosala, and Vaishali.
198
Mahakavi
A title used for great poets, particularly in ancient and medieval Indian literature, denoting exceptional literary talent.
199
Mahant
A title given to the head of a religious community or temple, particularly in Hinduism, responsible for managing the temple and its affairs.
200
Mahmud
A common name for rulers in medieval Islamic history, notably used by Mahmud of Ghazni and Mahmud of Ghori.
201
Mandala Theory
A political theory in ancient Indian texts, particularly in the Arthashastra, describing the ideal structure of a state or kingdom.
202
Manasara
A classical treatise on architecture, detailing the principles of constructing temples, cities, and other buildings in ancient India.
203
Manvantara
A term used in Hindu cosmology to denote a period of time governed by a specific ruler or Manu, associated with a cycle of creation and destruction.
204
Maratha Empire
A powerful empire in western India, founded by Shivaji in the 17th century, known for its resistance to Mughal rule and the establishment of a decentralized administration.
205
Maratha Confederacy
An alliance of various Maratha chieftains in the 18th century, with significant influence over much of India, particularly after the fall of the Mughal Empire.
206
Martanda
A deity in Hinduism, associated with the sun, and also a name of the sun temple at Martand in Kashmir.
207
Manisha
A term in Sanskrit that refers to intellect, understanding, and wisdom, often used in philosophical and spiritual contexts.
208
Mahishasura
A demon in Hindu mythology, known for his defeat by the goddess Durga in the famous mythological story of Durga's battle against evil.
209
Mahapadma Nanda
The founder of the Nanda dynasty in ancient India, who rose from a low caste to establish the first centralized empire in the Indian subcontinent.
210
Mahavira's Jain Dharma
The religious teachings of Mahavira, emphasizing non-violence, self-control, and asceticism, which became the foundation of Jainism.
211
Mahodaya
A term referring to a great festival, often associated with Hindu rituals or the celebration of a king’s victory.
212
Malik-i-Dinari
A title used in medieval Indian states to denote high-ranking officers or nobles in charge of managing monetary or revenue affairs.
213
Magadha
An ancient kingdom in eastern India, historically important for being the center of early Buddhist and Jain traditions, and the rise of the Maurya Empire.
214
Magadhi Prakrit
An ancient Prakrit language spoken in the region of Magadha, used as the medium for many early Buddhist and Jain texts.
215
Maitreya
A future Buddha in Buddhist tradition, believed to be the next Buddha who will appear on Earth to teach the dharma when it has been forgotten.
216
Mantra
A sacred utterance, syllable, word, or phrase, typically associated with spiritual practices in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
217
Mandala Art
A form of intricate artwork used in Hindu and Buddhist religious contexts, often as a tool for meditation and spiritual enlightenment.
218
Mahavir Jayanti
The festival that celebrates the birth of Mahavir, the 24th Tirthankara in Jainism, commemorated with prayers and fasting.
219
Mathematics of Kerala
A mathematical tradition originating in Kerala, known for advancements in algebra, trigonometry, and calculus during the medieval period.
220
Matam
A term referring to a ritualistic practice or religious observance, often associated with the worship of Hindu deities.
221
Munshi
A title used for a scribe, clerical official, or teacher, especially in Mughal and British India.
222
Mirza
A title used by nobles and rulers in Mughal India, especially in the context of the military elite.
223
Mirza Ghalib
A famous poet from Mughal-era India, known for his ghazals in both Urdu and Persian, contributing significantly to Indian literature.
224
Mahmud of Ghazni's Invasions
A series of invasions by Mahmud of Ghazni in the 11th century, primarily for plundering India’s wealth, especially temples.
225
Madhava
A name used for multiple historical figures in ancient Indian philosophy, including Madhava Acharya, an important theologian in the Vedanta tradition.
226
Mahishmati
An ancient city in India, mentioned in both the Mahabharata and Ramayana, and known for its strategic significance during the rule of the Satavahanas.
227
Mahabharata War
A legendary war between the Kauravas and Pandavas, fought on the plains of Kurukshetra, immortalized in the Mahabharata epic.
228
Medieval Indian Architecture
The architectural style that developed during the medieval period in India, influenced by Persian, Islamic, and regional styles, prominent in temples, forts, and mosques.
229
Term
[Meaning, context, key details, outcome, participants, etc.]
230
Minakshi
A revered goddess in Hinduism, primarily worshipped in the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, known for her role in Tamil Shaivite mythology.
231
Mirza Nasir
A Mughal prince, the son of Emperor Akbar, who played an important role in the administration of the empire during the late 16th century.
232
Mir Qasim
The last Nawab of Bengal (1760–1764), who opposed British dominance in India, most notably during the Battle of Buxar.
233
Mughal Empire
A prominent empire in India, founded by Babur in 1526, known for its administrative reforms, cultural achievements, and contributions to architecture.
234
Mughal Architecture
The distinctive style of architecture that developed during the Mughal Empire, characterized by large domes, arches, and minarets, as seen in the Taj Mahal.
235
Muluk Shah
A ruler of medieval India, known for his reign during the period of the Sultanate of Delhi, often remembered for his administrative reforms.
236
Mool Mantar
The opening verse in the Guru Granth Sahib, the central religious scripture of Sikhism, representing the oneness of God.
237
Madhuri Dixit
An iconic Bollywood actress known for her classical dance and acting skills, who became an influential figure in the 1990s and early 2000s.
238
Mirza Ghalib's Poetry
A renowned poet from the Mughal period, famous for his ghazals in Urdu and Persian, expressing themes of love, loss, and the philosophy of existence.
239
Mathematics of Kerala School
The school of mathematics in Kerala that made notable advancements in trigonometry and algebra, with contributions from scholars like Madhava.
240
Mahasiddha
A title for enlightened beings in Vajrayana Buddhism and some forms of Tantric Hinduism, recognized for their spiritual mastery and powers.
241
Mahavir Jayanti Celebration
The celebration of the birth of Mahavir, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, marked by processions, prayers, and charity.
242
Man Singh I
A prominent general in the Mughal Empire, known for his military achievements and role as a trusted advisor to Emperor Akbar.
243
Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda
An important poet during the Mughal period, known for his contributions to Urdu and Persian literature, particularly in the genre of ghazals.
244
Manaslu
A Sanskrit term meaning 'mountain' and also the name of a sacred peak in Hindu and Buddhist traditions, located in the Himalayas in Nepal.
245
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
The founder of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, known for uniting the region and resisting British expansion into Punjab during the early 19th century.
246
Madhava's Trigonometry
Mathematical contributions by Madhava of the Kerala School, particularly his work on sine functions and the development of infinite series for pi.
247
Magadhi
An ancient language and dialect spoken in the region of Magadha in eastern India, associated with early Buddhism and Jainism.
248
Magadh University
A prominent university in Bihar, India, named after the ancient region of Magadha, known for its academic contributions.
249
Mandir
A Hindu temple, a sacred space dedicated to the worship of deities, often featuring intricately designed architecture and sculptures.
250
Mahavishnu
A major deity in Hinduism, representing the preserver aspect of the divine trinity, associated with protection and the maintenance of cosmic order.
251
Mahapadma Nanda's Empire
The Nanda dynasty established by Mahapadma Nanda, marking the beginning of the Maurya Empire's precursor with a centralized administration.
252
Mahabharata's Bhagavad Gita
A revered Hindu text, part of the Mahabharata, in which Krishna imparts spiritual wisdom and guidance to Arjuna on the battlefield.
253
Manavadharma Shastra
An ancient text outlining the codes of conduct and laws in ancient Hindu society, similar to the Manusmriti, but with a focus on practical ethics.
254
Mahishasura Mardini
An epithet for the goddess Durga, known for her slaying of the buffalo demon Mahishasura, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil.
255
Majumdar Report
A historical document examining the administrative structure of ancient Indian kingdoms, often used in discussions about historical governance.
256
Maratha Confederacy's Decline
The gradual weakening of the Maratha Confederacy in the 18th century, exacerbated by internal conflicts and the rise of British power.
257
Manu's Laws
The laws of Manu, written in the Manusmriti, are a set of dharma-based guidelines that governed the social structure and behaviors in ancient India.
258
Mahavira's Teachings
The core teachings of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, which emphasize non-violence (ahimsa), truth, and asceticism.
259
Malwa Sultanate
A medieval Indian kingdom in the region of Malwa, established by the Khiljis, known for its political and military engagements with the Delhi Sultanate.
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Mahim Bay
A bay located in Mumbai, historically significant as a trading port and a center of early European colonial settlement.
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Malda Sultanate
A short-lived Sultanate located in Bengal, which emerged after the fall of the Bengal Sultanate, playing a role in regional politics.
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Majestic Forts of Rajasthan
The historic forts of Rajasthan, such as Mehrangarh, Chittorgarh, and Amber, which are symbols of Rajput architecture and military prowess.
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Manu Smriti's Social Order
The Manusmriti establishes a hierarchical social order based on varna (caste), which became a foundational text in ancient Hindu society.
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Mahendravarman I
A king of the Pallava dynasty in southern India, known for his military prowess and patronage of early Dravidian art and architecture.
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Manu's Caste System
The caste system outlined by Manu in the Manusmriti, which classified society into four varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
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Malwa Plateau
A vast plateau in central India, significant for its historical role as a region of kingdoms like the Malwa Sultanate and later part of the Maratha Empire.
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Mandala's Geopolitical Theory
The concept of Mandala from the Arthashastra, describing the relationship between states and the strategic positioning of rulers in ancient India.
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Term
[Meaning, context, key details, outcome, participants, etc.]
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Mahindra
A prominent Indian multinational conglomerate, known for its manufacturing of automobiles, agricultural machinery, and defense vehicles.
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Mahabalipuram
An ancient city in Tamil Nadu, famous for its rock-cut temples, monolithic sculptures, and historic monuments, reflecting early Dravidian architecture.
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Malwa Sultanate's Architecture
Distinctive architectural styles developed under the Malwa Sultanate, blending Persian and Indian elements, seen in the Jama Masjid of Mandu.
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Mahendravarman II
A Pallava ruler known for his patronage of art and architecture, especially in South India, and for his military campaigns against the Chalukyas.
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Mahavir Swami
The founder of Jainism's spiritual teachings, advocating for asceticism, non-violence, and the liberation of the soul from the cycle of rebirth.
274
Malala Yousafzai
A Pakistani activist for girls' education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate, symbolizing global advocacy for women's rights.
275
Mahabharata War
An epic battle described in the Mahabharata, fought between the Pandavas and Kauravas, symbolizing the conflict between dharma (righteousness) and adharma (unrighteousness).
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Maitreyee
A sage and philosopher in ancient India, known for her contributions to Vedic philosophy and for her teachings in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.
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Mandala Theory
A political concept from the ancient text Arthashastra, which emphasizes the strategic positioning of states and the role of alliances in governance.
278
Magadh Region
A historically significant region in India, located in modern-day Bihar, which was the center of powerful kingdoms like the Maurya and Gupta empires.
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Mahapadma Nanda
The founder of the Nanda dynasty, known for consolidating power in the Magadha region and establishing the foundation for the Maurya Empire.
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Manu Smriti's Laws of Dharma
The codification of laws governing social behavior, marriage, and inheritance in ancient Indian society, often criticized for its rigid caste system.
281
Manipur
A state in northeastern India, with a rich history of warfare and diplomacy between indigenous kingdoms and outside powers like the British and Burmese.
282
Mahmud of Ghazni
A 11th-century ruler who invaded India multiple times, particularly remembered for his raids on temples like Somnath and his impact on Indian history.
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Mahul
A historical town in Maharashtra, known for its coal mines and its role in India's industrial history during the British colonial period.
284
Mahi River
A river that flows through central India, important in medieval Indian history for the kingdoms and territories that developed along its banks.
285
Medieval Indian Music
The music of the medieval period, reflecting the fusion of Persian and Indian traditions, with the development of classical music forms under the Mughal Empire.
286
Mahasamudra
The name of several large tanks or reservoirs in India, often constructed during the medieval period for irrigation and water management.
287
Manchuria
A region in Northeast Asia, which was a significant geopolitical focus during the colonial and early modern periods, often involved in conflicts between Russia, China, and Japan.
288
Majuli Island
The world's largest river island, located in Assam, known for its unique culture, traditions, and religious practices associated with Vaishnavism.
289
Mangal Pandey
An Indian soldier who played a key role in the first major uprising against British rule in 1857, often seen as a symbol of resistance.
290
Mahavir's Non-Violence
The core principle of Jainism, championed by Mahavir, emphasizing ahimsa (non-violence) as a moral virtue in every aspect of life.
291
Mysore's Kingdom
A historic kingdom in southern India, known for its military prowess under rulers like Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, and its contributions to regional culture.
292
Mochangad Fort
A historic fort in Maharashtra, significant for its strategic position and its role in various regional conflicts during the Maratha period.
293
Mathematical Concepts of Aryabhata
Contributions by Aryabhata, including his work on zero, the concept of pi, and trigonometry, laying the foundation for future Indian mathematics.
294
Mandapa Architecture
The hall-like structure in Hindu temples, often found in South India, used for religious gatherings, performances, and worship rituals.
295
Mahadev's Cult
The worship of Lord Shiva in ancient and medieval India, seen in the spread of Shaivism across the subcontinent and its integration into local traditions.
296
Mukerem Ali
A medieval figure known for his scholarly contributions to Islamic philosophy and jurisprudence during the Mughal period in India.
297
Magadha Dynasty
The ruling family in ancient India that played a significant role in the rise of the Mauryan Empire, with a strong emphasis on governance and administration.
298
Mahakavi Kalidas
A celebrated Sanskrit playwright and poet, known for his works like 'Abhijnanasakuntalam,' which blends Indian mythology with classical drama.
299
Maratha Cavalry
The renowned cavalry forces of the Maratha Empire, known for their guerrilla tactics and mobility, playing a key role in the resistance against Mughal expansion.
300
Mahabharata's Political Influence
The Mahabharata's influence on ancient Indian political thought, particularly the concept of kingship, statecraft, and dharma in governance.
301
Matsya Purana
One of the eighteen Mahāpurāṇas, a text that offers details on ancient Indian cosmology, mythology, and the story of the fish incarnation of Vishnu.
302
Maitreyee Upanishad
An important Upanishadic text, attributed to the sage Maitreyee, emphasizing the nature of the self (Atman) and its unity with the ultimate reality (Brahman).
303
Madhya Pradesh's Historical Significance
A central Indian state known for its ancient history, including the powerful Maurya and Gupta empires and the medieval Malwa Sultanate.
304
Maratha Empire's Rise
The rise of the Maratha Empire in the 17th century under Shivaji, based on guerrilla warfare, military innovation, and regional influence.
305
Maharashtra's Satara Kingdom
A historic kingdom in the western region of India, which played an important role in the early history of the Maratha Empire and was later absorbed into British India.
306
Mahabharata's Dharma
The central theme of dharma (righteousness) in the Mahabharata, explored through the conflicts of the Pandavas and Kauravas, and the teachings of Krishna.
307
Monsoon Trade Routes
The seasonal maritime trade routes that connected India to the Southeast Asian, Arabian, and East African coasts, heavily influenced by the monsoon winds.
308
Mirza Ghalib
A renowned Urdu and Persian poet during the Mughal Empire's decline, Ghalib is celebrated for his ghazals that reflect the complex emotional and philosophical experiences.
309
Maitreyee and Gargi
Two important women philosophers in ancient India, known for their contributions to Vedic thought and spiritual wisdom, particularly in the Upanishads.
310
Mahabodhi Temple
A major Buddhist pilgrimage site in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, marking the location where Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment.
311
Manu's Laws
The earliest and most authoritative code of laws in ancient India, found in the Manusmriti, which governed social conduct, justice, and duties across all castes.
312
Mughal Deccan Campaigns
A series of military campaigns in the Deccan Plateau by the Mughal Empire in the 17th century, aimed at expanding imperial influence over southern India.
313
Maratha's Naval Power
The Maratha Empire's development of naval power under leaders like Kanhoji Angre, which allowed them to control the western coast and challenge European colonial forces.
314
Mahavir Jayanti
The celebration of the birth of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, which is observed by Jains around the world as a major religious event.
315
Mughal Miniature Paintings
A style of painting that developed under the Mughal Empire, characterized by intricate detail, vibrant colors, and depictions of court life, battle scenes, and religious themes.
316
Mahishasura Mardini
A goddess worshipped in Hinduism, often depicted as slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil.
317
Medieval Indian Literature
The body of literature created in India during the medieval period, including works in Sanskrit, Persian, Tamil, and regional languages, often reflecting religious and cultural influences.
318
Mehrangarh Fort
A massive fort located in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, known for its historical significance, architectural grandeur, and strategic location.
319
Military Reforms of Sher Shah Suri
The administrative and military reforms introduced by Sher Shah Suri, such as the standardization of currency, improvement of road infrastructure, and military organization.
320
Madhya Pradesh in History
The central region of India, historically significant as the site of many ancient and medieval Indian kingdoms, including the Mauryas, Guptas, and later, the Marathas.
321
Mirza Muhammad Taki
A prominent poet and philosopher in Persian literature, contributing to the intellectual and cultural milieu during the Mughal period.
322
Malwa Sultanate's Contributions
The Malwa Sultanate, during its rule, made significant contributions to architecture, art, and the spread of Islam in central India.
323
Maratha Confederacy's Decline
The decline of the Maratha Confederacy after the Third Battle of Panipat, leading to the eventual dominance of the British East India Company in India.
324
Madurai Nayaks
A dynasty that ruled southern India, particularly Tamil Nadu, after the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, known for its contribution to art, architecture, and culture.
325
Mahmud of Ghazni's Invasions
The invasions of India by Mahmud of Ghazni in the 11th century, which led to the plundering of wealth, but also resulted in the establishment of Muslim rule in parts of India.
326
Maratha Army Organization
The Maratha army was known for its strong cavalry, use of guerrilla tactics, and decentralized structure, with leaders like Shivaji innovating in military strategy.
327
Manoj Das's Literary Works
A noted Indian author and poet, known for his literary works that delve into human emotions, folklore, and social issues in a simple yet profound style.
328
Muslim Kingdoms in South India
Various Muslim dynasties, such as the Bahmani Sultanate and the Deccan Sultanates, that ruled over South India, leaving a lasting impact on its culture and architecture.
329
Modernization of Indian Economy under British Rule
The transformation of the Indian economy during British colonial rule, which introduced infrastructure like railways and telecommunication, but also led to economic exploitation.
330
Mahabharata's Influence on Indian Culture
The Mahabharata, beyond its literary value, significantly shaped Indian culture, values, and philosophical thought, influencing art, dance, and theatre.
331
Map of Ancient India
Refers to the geographical representation of ancient Indian kingdoms, empires, and regions as depicted in historical texts and archaeological findings.
332
Mughal Architecture's Golden Age
The peak of Mughal architectural achievements, including the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Fatehpur Sikri, during the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan.
333
Mandala Concept in Ancient India
A geometric and spiritual concept in Indian art and thought, symbolizing the universe, often seen in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain rituals and artwork.
334
Manila Ghat's Historical Significance
An important location in the maritime trade routes connecting India to Southeast Asia and beyond, particularly for the export of spices and textiles.
335
Maratha Chhatrapati Titles
The title given to the rulers of the Maratha Empire, particularly after Shivaji Maharaj, denoting their sovereignty over a vast region of India.
336
Mahaguru Nanak Dev Ji
The founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak Dev Ji's teachings emphasized the oneness of God, equality, and social justice, significantly influencing the spiritual and political landscape of India.
337
Maratha Land Revenue System
A unique system of land revenue introduced by the Marathas, characterized by direct collection from farmers, providing them with greater autonomy and security.
338
Military Legacy of the Rajputs
The Rajput kingdoms of medieval India were known for their valor and military prowess, contributing significantly to the defense of northern and central India.
339
Muslim Invasions of India
The invasions led by various Muslim rulers, such as Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghori, which resulted in the establishment of Delhi Sultanate and the spread of Islam.
340
Map of Ancient Trade Routes
A representation of the key trade routes that connected ancient India to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, facilitating cultural and economic exchanges.
341
Monuments of the Vijayanagara Empire
The architectural legacy of the Vijayanagara Empire, including the ruins of Hampi, showcasing advanced urban planning, temples, and forts.
342
Madurai Meenakshi Temple
One of the most iconic Hindu temples in India, dedicated to Meenakshi, the goddess of Madurai, known for its stunning architecture and sculptural work.
343
Mahabharata and Ethics
The Mahabharata explores complex ethical dilemmas, including the nature of justice, duty, and morality, often guiding philosophical discourse in Indian traditions.
344
Mughal Empire's Decline
The decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, marked by internal strife, weak leadership, and the rise of regional powers like the Marathas and Sikhs.
